Treffer: Review of lattice Boltzmann method in urban wind simulation: Progress, challenges, and outlook.

• Review of LBM advances in urban environment: discrete velocity schemes & grid refinement, relaxation‑time schemes, wall BCs, turbulence models, computational performance. • D3Q19 with MRT offers excellent compromise between accuracy and cost; consider CLBM for highest fidelity in complex urban geometries. • Employ halfway BB to achieve good accuracy at low cost for simple cases; use off‑lattice BCs to ensure geometric fidelity in complex geometries. • LBM-LES dominates urban wind turbulence modeling. • GPU acceleration revolutionizes LBM efficiency; future CPU–GPU hybrids promise further performance and energy gains. In urban wind environment simulation research, traditional Navier–Stokes-based methods are complex, given the high computational cost of large eddy simulation (LES), which makes it difficult to meet the demands of large-scale, complex urban scenarios. The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), as a mesoscopic numerical simulation tool, is gradually becoming a hot topic in wind environment research as it balances high parallel computing efficiency and physical accuracy. This study systematically reviews the core technologies and application advancements of LBM in urban wind environment simulations. In Section 1, the historical development and theoretical foundations of LBM are summarized, and the lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE) is briefly introduced. In Section 2, previous studies and publication trends of LBM in wind environment research are reviewed to illustrate the development and current status of this field. In Section 3, the applications of LBM in urban airflow simulations are examined in detail, with particular focus on key methodological issues such as discrete velocity schemes, grid refinement techniques, relaxation-time schemes, wall boundary conditions, turbulence models, and computational efficiency. In the final section, the paper concludes with a synthesis of LBM research in urban wind environments, proposes a general workflow to guide its practical application, and offers perspectives on future research directions. LBM has shown significant potential in simulations of street canyons, urban districts, and ultralarge-scale wind fields; however, further exploration is required regarding flow stability at high Reynolds numbers, adaptation to complex geometries, and multiphysics coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Building & Environment is the property of Pergamon Press - An Imprint of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites without the copyright holder's express written permission. Additionally, content may not be used with any artificial intelligence tools or machine learning technologies. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)