*Result*: Next-Generation Wearable Optical Sensors for Personalized Health and Point-of-Care Diagnostics-A Systematic Review.

Next-Generation Wearable Optical Sensors for Personalized Health and Point-of-Care Diagnostics-A Systematic Review.

Duarah R; Coal, Energy and Materials Sciences Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, India.; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India., Torné-Morató H; Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy., Zhang G; College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.; School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China., Amin Y; Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy., Pabast M; Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy., Sharma N; Coal, Energy and Materials Sciences Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, India.; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India., He S; College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China., Das MR; Coal, Energy and Materials Sciences Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, India.; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India., Pompa PP; Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy.; College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.

Advanced healthcare materials [Adv Healthc Mater] 2026 Mar; Vol. 15 (10), pp. e04419. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jan 04.

Journal Article; Systematic Review; Review

English

Publisher: Wiley-VCH Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101581613 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2192-2659 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21922640 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Adv Healthc Mater Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, 2012-

Precision Medicine*/methods , Wearable Electronic Devices* , Point-of-Care Systems* , Biosensing Techniques*, Humans ; Point-of-Care Testing

R. Song, S. Cho, S. Khan, I. Park, and W. Gao, “Lighting the Path to Precision Healthcare: Advances and Applications of Wearable Photonic Sensors,” Advanced Materials (2025): 2419161.
Y. Zhang, Y. Hu, N. Jiang, and A. K. Yetisen, “Wearable Artificial Intelligence Biosensor Networks,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 219 (2023): 114825.
S. Barbosa, A. Agrawal, L. Rodríguez‐Lorenzo, et al., “Tuning Size and Sensing Properties in Colloidal Gold Nanostars,” Langmuir 26, no. 18 (2010): 14943–14950.
C. S. Tsai, T. B. Yu, and C. T. Chen, “Gold Nanoparticle‐based Competitive Colorimetric Assay for Detection of Protein–protein Interactions.” Chemical Communications 34 (2005): 4273–4275.
V. S. Ajay Piriya, P. Joseph, K. S. C. G. Daniel, S. Lakshmanan, T. Kinoshita, and S. Muthusamy, “Colorimetric Sensors for Rapid Detection of Various Anaytes,” Materials Science and Engineering: C 78 (2017): 1231–1245.
M. Raghunathan, A. Kapoor, P. Kumar, et al., “Nanostructured Transition Metal Dichalcogenides‐Based Colorimetric Sensors: Synthesis, Characterization, and Emerging Applications,” Luminescence 39, no. 7 (2024): 4833.
D. Zhu, B. Liu, and G. Wei, “Two‐dimensional Material‐based Colorimetric Biosensors: a Review,” Biosensors 11, no. 8 (2021): 259.
B. Kaur, S. Kumar, and B. K. Kaushik, “Novel Wearable Optical Sensors for Vital Health Monitoring Systems—A Review,” Biosensors 13, no. 2 (2023): 181.
X. Jingyu, Y. Liu, L. Su, D. Zhao, L. Zhao, and X. Zhang.et al., “Microfluidic Chip‐based Wearable Colorimetric Sensor for Simple and Facile Detection of Sweat Glucose.” Analytical chemistry 91, no. 23 (2019): 14803–14807.
C. Y. Hsu, R. S. Abbood, A. H. Zwamel, et al., “Recent Advances in Nanozymes Based on Mesoporous Materials for Enhancing the Performance of Colorimetric Biosensors: Applications and Challenges,” Nanoscale 17, no. 31 (2025): 17980–17992.
Biosensors Market Size, Share, Statistics, Industry Growth Analysis Report By Type, Product (Wearable, Non‐wearable), Technology, Application (POC, Home Diagnostics, Research Lab, Environmental Monitoring, Food & Beverages, Biodefense) Global Growth Driver and Industry Forecast to 2030 (2024).
M. Elsherif, M. U. Hassan, A. K. Yetisen, and H. Butt, “Wearable Contact Lens Biosensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Using Smartphones,” ACS Nano 12, no. 6 (2018): 5452–5462.
T. Li, X. Zhu, X. Hai, S. Bi, and X. Zhang, “Recent Progress in Sensor Arrays: from Construction Principles of Sensing Elements to Applications,” ACS Sensors 8, no. 3 (2023): 994–1016.
T. Park, J. W. Leem, Y. L. Kim, and C. H. Lee, “Photonic Nanomaterials for Wearable Health Solution,” Advanced Materials (2025): 2418705.
O. E. Khedr, F. Mohamed, M. Fathy, et al., “Emerging Trends in Photonic Crystal on‐chip Sensors for Biomedical Applications: a Review,” Journal of Optics (2025): 1–18.
T. A. Baldo, L. F. de Lima, L. F. Mendes, W. R. de Araujo, T. R. Paixao, and W. K. Coltro, “Wearable and Biodegradable Sensors for Clinical and Environmental Applications,” ACS Applied Electronic Materials 3, no. 1 (2020): 68–100.
L. Wang, Z. Zhou, J. Niu, J. Peng, T. Wang, and X. Hou, “Emerging Innovations in Portable Chemical Sensing Devices: Advancements from Microneedles to Hydrogel, Microfluidic, and Paper‐based Platforms,” Talanta 278 (2024): 126412.
K. C. Kao and G. A. Hockham, “Dielectric‐fibre Surface Waveguides for Optical Frequencies,” In Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers IEEE 113, no. 7 (1966): 1151–1158.
J. Hecht, Understanding Fiber Optics, 5th Edition (SPIE, 2015).
A. K. Yetisen, H. Qu, A. Manbachi, et al., “Nanotechnology in Textile,” ACS nano 10, no. 3 (2016): 3042–3068.
K. V. Jarnda, H. Dai, A. Ali, et al., “A Review on Optical Biosensors for Monitoring of Uric Acid and Blood Glucose Using Portable POCT Devices: Status, Challenges, and Future Horizons,” Biosensors 15, no. 4 (2025): 222.
J. Yi, E. M. You, R. Hu, et al., “Surface‐enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: a Half‐century Historical Perspective,” Chemical Society Reviews 54 (2025): 1453–1551.
M. A. H. Chowdhury, N. Tasnim, M. Hossain, and A. Habib, “Flexible, Stretchable, and Single‐molecule‐sensitive SERS‐active Sensor for Wearable Biosensing Applications,” RSC Advances 13, no. 30 (2023): 20787–20798.
W. Wang, Y. Chen, C. Xiao, et al., “Flexible SERS Wearable Sensor Based on Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Detection of Metabolites and pH in Sweat,” Chemical Engineering Journal 474 (2023): 145953.
C. D'Andrea, M. Banchelli, C. Amicucci, et al., “Development of a Wearable Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensor Chip Based on Silver Nanowires for Rapid Detection of Urea, Lactate and pH in Sweat,” Journal of the European Optical Society‐Rapid Publications 20, no. 1 (2024): 10.
J. Kim, A. S. Campbell, B. E. F. de Ávila, and J. Wang, “Wearable Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring,” Nature Biotechnology 37, no. 4 (2019): 389–406.
W. Gao, S. Emaminejad, H. Y. Y. Nyein, et al., “Fully Integrated Wearable Sensor Arrays for Multiplexed in Situ Perspiration Analysis,” Nature 529, no. 7587 (2016): 509–514.
J. L. Montaño‐Priede, M. Sanroman‐Iglesias, N. Zabala, M. Grzelczak, and J. Aizpurua, “Robust Rules for Optimal Colorimetric Sensing Based on Gold Nanoparticle Aggregation,” ACS Sensors 8, no. 4 (2023): 1827–1834.
I. Hammami and N. M. Alabdallah, “Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis Properties and Applications,” Journal of King Saud University—Science 33, no. 7 (2021): 101560.
M. A. Cotta, “Quantum Dots and Their Applications: What Lies Ahead?,” ACS Applied Nano Materials 3, no. 6 (2020): 4920–4924.
K. Agarwal, H. Rai, and S. Mondal, “Quantum Dots: an Overview of Synthesis, Properties, and Applications,” Materials Research Express 10, no. 6 (2023): 062001.
M. Q. Zhu, E. Chang, J. Sun, and R. A. Drezek, “Surface Modification and Functionalization of Semiconductor Quantum Dots through Reactive Coating of Silanes in Toluene,” Journal of Materials Chemistry 17, no. 8 (2007): 800–805.
R. Freeman and I. Willner, “Optical Molecular Sensing with Semiconductor Quantum Dots (QDs),” Chemical Society Reviews 41, no. 10 (2012): 4067–4085.
B. Gidwani, V. Sahu, S. S. Shukla, et al., “Quantum Dots: Prospectives, Toxicity, Advances and Applications,” Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 61 (2021): 102308.
J. Kim, H. J. Shim, J. Yang, et al., “Ultrathin Quantum Dot Display Integrated with Wearable Electronics,” Advanced Materials 29, no. 38 (2017): 1700217.
H. M. Gil, T. W. Price, K. Chelani, J. S. G. Bouillard, S. D. Calaminus, and G. J. Stasiuk, “NIR‐quantum Dots in Biomedical Imaging and Their Futur,” Iscience 24, no. 3 (2021): 102189.
Y. W. Kim, J. H. Kwon, H.‐R. Choi, et al., “Wearable Quantum Dots Organic Light‐emitting Diodes Patch for High‐power near Infra‐red Photomedicene with Real‐time Wavelength Control,” Chemical Engineering Journal 499 (2024): 156121.
A. Piasek and J. Pulit‐Prociak, “Application of Carbon Quantum Dots in Smart Polymer Films for Biomedical Diagnostics,” Nanoscale 17 (2025): 24427–24456.
Q. Fu, J. Zhang, K. Zhang, S. Sun, and Z. Dong, “Multicolor Solid‐state Fluorescence and Multicolor Afterglow Carbon Dots: Preparation, Luminescence Regulation, and Applications,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 13, no. 1 (2025): 36–72.
K. Wang, W. Liu, J. Wu, et al., “Smart Wearable Sensor Fuels Noninvasive Body Fluid Analysis,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 17, no. 9 (2025): 13279–13301.
H. Furukawa, K. E. Cordova, M. O'Keeffe, and O. M. Yaghi, “The Chemistry and Applications of Metal‐organic Frameworks,” Science 341, no. 6149 (2013): 1230444.
X. Y. Xu and B. Yan, “A Fluorescent Wearable Platform for Sweat Cl− Analysis and Logic Smart‐device Fabrication Based on Color Adjustable Lanthanide MOFs,” Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 7 (2018): 1863–1869.
Y. Zhang and C. H. Chang, “Metal–Organic Framework Thin Films: Fabrication, Modification, and Patterning,” Processes 8, no. 3 (2020): 377.
K. Theyagarajan and Y. J. Kim, “Metal Organic Frameworks Based Wearable and Point‐of‐care Electrochemical Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring,” Biosensors 14, no. 10 (2024): 492.
P. Mandal, V. Singh, J. Zhang, and M. K. Tiwari, “Intercalated MOF Nanocomposites: Robust, Fluorine‐free and Waterborne Amphiphobic Coatings,” Environmental Science: Nano 12, no. 3 (2025): 1930–1941.
Y. Pang, Z. Yang, Y. Yang, and T. L. Ren, “Wearable Electronics Based on 2D Materials for human Physiological Information Detection,” Small 16, no. 15 (2020): 1901124.
U. Shreenag Meda, O. Madan Raikar, C. Adaguru Rudregowda, et al., “MXenes as Versatile Materials for Hydrogen Technology and Multifunctional Applications,” Chemistry–An Asian Journal 20, no. 9 (2025): 202401678.
E. O. Polat, G. Mercier, I. Nikitskiy, et al., “Flexible Graphene Photodetectors for Wearable Fitness Monitoring,” Science Advances 5, no. 9 (2019): aaw7846.
X. Weng, Z. Fu, C. Zhang, W. Jiang, and H. Jiang, “A Portable 3D Microfluidic Origami Biosensor for Cortisol Detection in human Sweat,” Analytical Chemistry 94, no. 8 (2022): 3526–3534.
M. A. Nagar and D. Janner, “Polymer‐Based Optical Guided‐Wave Biomedical Sensing: from Principles to Applications,” Photonics 11, no. 10 (2024): 972.
R. N. Lopes, P. H. S. Pinto, J. D. L. Vargas, et al., “Development of an Immunocapture‐based Polymeric Optical fiber Sensor for Bacterial Detection in Water,” Polymers 16, no. 6 (2024): 861.
Y. Mizuno, A. Theodosiou, K. Kalli, S. Liehr, H. Lee, and K. Nakamura, “Distributed Polymer Optical fiber Sensors: a Review and Outlook,” Photonics Research 9, no. 9 (2021): 1719–1733.
M. Hema, J. V. Suman, B. K. Kumar, and A. Haile, “Design and Development of Polymer‐Based Optical Fiber Sensor for GAIT Analysis,” International Journal of Polymer Science 2023, no. 1 (2023): 2541384.
W. Yang, Y. Ma, H. Sun, C. Huang, and X. Shen, “Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based Optical fiber Sensors: a Review,” TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 152 (2022): 116608.
I. Ahmed, M. Ali, M. Elsherif, and H. Butt, “UV Polymerization Fabrication Method for Polymer Composite Based Optical fiber Sensors,” Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023): 10823.
M. Silva‐López, A. Fender, W. N. MacPherson, et al., “Strain and Temperature Sensitivity of a Single‐mode Polymer Optical fiber,” Optics Letters 30, no. 23 (2005): 3129–3131.
A. Leal‐Junior, A. Theodosiou, A. Frizera‐Neto, et al., “Characterization of a New Polymer Optical fiber with Enhanced Sensing Capabilities Using a Bragg Grating,” Optics Letters 43, no. 19 (2018): 4799–4802.
D. X. Yang, J. Yu, X. Tao, and H. Tam, “Structural and Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Optical fiber,” Materials Science and Engineering: A 364, no. 1‐2 (2004): 256–259.
K. Bhowmik and G. D. Peng, “Polymer Optical Fibers,” Handbook of Optical Fibers (Springer, 2019): 967–1017.
M. Zhang, W. Zhang, F. Wang, et al., “High‐gain Polymer Optical Waveguide Amplifiers Based on Core‐shell NaYF4/NaLuF4: Yb3+, Er3+ NPs‐PMMA Covalent‐linking Nanocomposites,” Scientific Reports 6, no. 1 (2016): 36729.
I. E. Claassens, L. J. Barbour, and D. A. Haynes, “A Multistimulus Responsive Porous Coordination Polymer: Temperature‐mediated Control of Solid‐state [2+ 2] Cycloaddition,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 141, no. 29 (2019): 11425–11429.
Z. Miao, T. Kubo, D. Pal, B. S. Sumerlin, and A. S. Veige, “pH‐responsive Water‐soluble Cyclic Polymer,” Macromolecules 52, no. 16 (2019): 6260–6265.
E. Pantuso, G. De Filpo, and F. P. Nicoletta, “Light‐Responsive Polymer Membranes,” Advanced Optical Materials 7, no. 16 (2019): 1900252.
D. B. Wright, M. P. Thompson, M. A. Touve, A. S. Carlini, and N. C. Gianneschi, “Enzyme‐Responsive Polymer Nanoparticles via Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly,” Macromolecular Rapid Communications 40, no. 2 (2019): 1800467.
Q. M. Zhang, W. Xu, and M. J. Serpe, “Optical Devices Constructed from Multiresponsive Microgels,” Angewandte Chemie 126, no. 19 (2014): 4927–4931.
L. Hu, Q. Zhang, X. Li, and M. J. Serpe, “Stimuli‐responsive Polymers for Sensing and Actuation,” Materials Horizons 6, no. 9 (2019): 1774–1793.
Y. Huang, T. Guo, Z. Tian, et al., “Nonradiation Cellular Thermometry Based on Interfacial Thermally Induced Phase Transformation in Polymer Coating of Optical Microfiber,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 10 (2017): 9024–9028.
A. W. Zaibudeen and J. Philip, “Temperature and pH Sensor Based on Functionalized Magnetic Nanofluid,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 268 (2018): 338–349.
S. Liu, D. S. Yang, S. Wang, et al., “Soft, Environmentally Degradable Microfluidic Devices for Measurement of Sweat Rate and Total Sweat Loss and for Colorimetric Analysis of Sweat Biomarkers,” EcoMat 5, no. 1 (2023): 12270.
D. Shan, C. Zhang, S. Kalaba, et al., “Flexible Biodegradable Citrate‐based Polymeric Step‐index Optical fiber,” Biomaterials 143 (2017): 142–148.
I. M. Savić Gajić, I. M. Savić, and Z. Svirčev, “Preparation and Characterization of Alginate Hydrogels with High Water‐retaining Capacity,” Polymers 15, no. 12 (2023): 2592.
J. Guo, C. Yang, Q. Dai, and L. Kong, “Soft and Stretchable Polymeric Optical Waveguide‐based Sensors for Wearable and Biomedical Applications,” Sensors 19, no. 17 (2019): 3771.
A. M. Shrivastav, D. S. Gunawardena, Z. Liu, and H. Y. Tam, “Microstructured Optical fiber Based Fabry–Pérot Interferometer as a Humidity Sensor Utilizing Chitosan Polymeric Matrix for Breath Monitoring,” Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (2020): 6002.
L. Wang, T. Xu, X. He, and X. Zhang, “Flexible, Self‐healable, Adhesive and Wearable Hydrogel Patch for Colorimetric Sweat Detection,” Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 41 (2021): 14938–14945.
S. Ardalan, M. Hosseinifard, M. Vosough, and H. Golmohammadi, “Towards Smart Personalized Perspiration Analysis: an IoT‐integrated Cellulose‐based Microfluidic Wearable Patch for Smartphone Fluorimetric Multi‐sensing of Sweat Biomarkers,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 168 (2020): 112450.
Y. Li, Y. Guo, H. Chen, et al., “Flexible Wearable Plasmonic Paper‐based Microfluidics with Expandable Channel and Adjustable Flow Rate for Portable Surface‐enhanced Raman Scattering Sweat Sensing,” ACS Photonics 11, no. 2 (2024): 613–625.
Y. Gao and S. Choi, “Micropatternable janus Paper as a Wearable Skin Patch for Sweat Collection and Analysis,” Advanced Materials Technologies 8, no. 17 (2023): 2300396.
A. Sharma, A. Singh, A. Khosla, and S. Arya, “Preparation of Cotton Fabric Based Non‐invasive Colorimetric Sensor for Instant Detection of Ketones,” Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 25, no. 10 (2021): 101340.
B. Najafi, H. Mohseni, G. S. Grewal, T. K. Talal, R. A. Menzies, and D. G. Armstrong, “An Optical‐fiber‐based Smart Textile (smart socks) to Manage Biomechanical Risk Factors Associated with Diabetic Foot Amputation,” Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 11, no. 4 (2017): 668–677.
N. Promphet, P. Rattanawaleedirojn, K. Siralertmukul, et al., “Non‐invasive Textile Based Colorimetric Sensor for the Simultaneous Detection of Sweat pH and Lactate,” Talanta 192 (2019): 424–430.
C. Calvino, E. Henriet, L. F. Muff, S. Schrettl, and C. Weder, “Mechanochromic Polymers Based on Microencapsulated Solvatochromic Dyes,” Macromolecular Rapid Communications 41, no. 7 (2020): 1900654.
L. I. Kazakova, L. I. Shabarchina, and G. B. Sukhorukov, “Co‐encapsulation of Enzyme and Sensitive Dye as a Tool for Fabrication of Microcapsule Based Sensor for Urea Measuring,” Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 13, no. 23 (2011): 11110–11117.
A. K. Yetisen, M. S. Akram, and C. R. Lowe, “Paper‐based Microfluidic Point‐of‐care Diagnostic Devices,” Lab on a Chip 13, no. 12 (2013): 2210–2251.
P. Bamfield and M. Hutchings, Chromic Phenomena: Technological Applications of Colour Chemistry (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018).
V. Trovato, S. Sfameni, G. Rando, et al., “A Review of Stimuli‐responsive Smart Materials for Wearable Technology in Healthcare: Retrospective, Perspective, and Prospectiv,” Molecules 27, no. 17 (2022): 5709.
L. Yang, Q. Y. Yuan, C. W. Lou, J. H. Lin, and T. T. Li, “Recent Advances on pH‐responsive Polymers Integrated with Nature Colorants: from Preparation to Applications,” Textile Research Journal 94, no. 19‐20 (2024): 2316–2329.
K. Zhang, J. Zhang, F. Wang, and D. Kong, “Stretchable and Superwettable Colorimetric Sensing Patch for Epidermal Collection and Analysis of Sweat,” ACS Sensors 6, no. 6 (2021): 2261–2269.
Z. Wang, Y. Dong, X. Sui, et al., “An Artificial Intelligence‐assisted Microfluidic Colorimetric Wearable Sensor System for Monitoring of Key Tear Biomarkers,” Npj Flexible Electronics 8, no. 1 (2024): 35.
Y. Cheng, S. Feng, Q. Ning, et al., “Dual‐signal Readout Paper‐based Wearable Biosensor with a 3D Origami Structure for Multiplexed Analyte Detection in Sweat,” Microsystems & Nanoengineering 9, no. 1 (2023): 36.
M. Dong, X. Sun, L. Li, et al., “A Bacteria‐triggered Wearable Colorimetric Band‐aid for Real‐time Monitoring and Treating of Wound Healing,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 610 (2022): 913–922.
Y. Sun, C. Zhao, J. Niu, J. Ren, and X. Qu, “Colorimetric Band‐aids for Point‐of‐care Sensing and Treating Bacterial Infection,” ACS Central Science 6, no. 2 (2020): 207–212.
V. Trovato, A. Mezzi, M. Brucale, et al., “Sol‐Gel Assisted Immobilization of Alizarin Red S on Polyester Fabrics for Developing Stimuli‐Responsive Wearable Sensors,” Polymers 14, no. 14 (2022): 2788.
P. Kianfar, M. T. Abate, V. Trovato, et al., “Surface Functionalization of Cotton Fabrics by Photo‐grafting for pH Sensing Applications,” Frontiers in Materials 7 (2020): 39.
V. Trovato, A. Vitale, R. Bongiovanni, A. Ferri, G. Rosace, and M. R. Plutino, “Development of a Nitrazine Yellow‐glycidyl Methacrylate Coating onto Cotton Fabric through Thermal‐induced Radical Polymerization Reactions: a Simple Approach towards Wearable Ph Sensors Applications,” Cellulose 28 (2021): 3847–3868.
L. Cui, J. J. Hu, W. Wang, C. Yan, Y. Guo, and C. Tu, “Smart pH Response Flexible Sensor Based on Calcium Alginate Fibers Incorporated with Natural Dye for Wound Healing Monitoring,” Cellulose 27, no. 11 (2020): 6367–6381.
A. S. Pires, V. Gomes, D. Neves, N. Mateus, V. de Freitas, and L. Cruz, “Colorimetric pH‐responsive Biomaterials Based on Pyranoflavylium‐biopolymer Hybrid Conjugates,” ACS Applied Polymer Materials 4, no. 7 (2022): 4961–4971.
J. P. Yapor, A. Alharby, C. Gentry‐Weeks, M. M. Reynolds, A. M. Alam, and Y. V. Li, “Polydiacetylene Nanofiber Composites as a Colorimetric Sensor Responding to Escherichia coli and pH,” ACS Omega 2, no. 10 (2017): 7334–7342.
E. Schoolaert, R. Merckx, J. Becelaere, S. Rijssegem, R. Hoogenboom, and K. De Clerck, “Eco‐Friendly Colorimetric Nanofiber Design: Halochromic Sensors with Tunable pH‐Sensing Regime Based on 2‐Ethyl‐2‐Oxazoline and 2‐n‐Butyl‐2‐Oxazoline Statistical Copolymers Functionalized with Alizarin Yellow R,” Advanced Functional Materials 32, no. 1 (2022): 2106859.
Y. Zhang, H. Guo, S. B. Kim, et al., “Passive Sweat Collection and Colorimetric Analysis of Biomarkers Relevant to Kidney Disorders Using a Soft Microfluidic System,” Lab on a Chip 19, no. 9 (2019): 1545–1555.
Y. Liu, Y. Gu, J. Bao, F. Liu, H. Xie, and W. Wu, “Synthesis, Characterizations and Colorimetric pH Sensors of Freestanding Janus Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework (COF) Films,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 963 (2023): 171138.
S. Pal, Y. Z. Su, Y. W. Chen, C. H. Yu, C. W. Kung, and S. S. Yu, “3D Printing of Metal–Organic Framework‐Based Ionogels: Wearable Sensors with Colorimetric and Mechanical Responses,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 24 (2022): 28247–28257.
L. Wang and Y. Wang, “(22,4, 6‐Tri 2′‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine for Determination of Iron(II), Iron(III), and Total Iron Contents on human Palms,” Journal of Forensic Sciences 68, no. 4 (2023): 1317–1324.
E. Tu, P. Pearlmutter, M. Tiangco, G. Derose, L. Begdache, and A. Koh, “Comparison of Colorimetric Analyses to Determine Cortisol in human Sweat,” ACS Omega 5, no. 14 (2020): 8211–8218.
E. Song, K. Lee, and J. Kim, “Tetrazolium‐based Visually Indicating Bacteria Sensor for Colorimetric Detection of Point of Contamination,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 33 (2022): 38153–38161.
Y. Amin, P. Cecere, T. Pomili, and P. P. Pompa, “Smartphone‐Integrated YOLOv4‐CNN Approach for Rapid and Accurate Point‐of‐Care Colorimetric Antioxidant Testing in Saliva,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research 181 (2024): 9–19.
Y. He, L. Wei, W. Xu, H. Wu, and A. Liu, “Laser‐cutted Epidermal Microfluidic Patch with Capillary Bursting Valves for Chronological Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat,” Biosensors 13, no. 3 (2023): 372.
A. Koh, D. Kang, Y. Xue, et al., “A Soft, Wearable Microfluidic Device for the Capture, Storage, and Colorimetric Sensing of Sweat,” Science Translational Medicine 8, no. 366 (2016): 366ra165–366ra165.
A. Vaquer, E. Barón, and R. de la Rica, “Wearable Analytical Platform with Enzyme‐modulated Dynamic Range for the Simultaneous Colorimetric Detection of Sweat Volume and Sweat Biomarkers,” ACS Sensors 6, no. 1 (2020): 130–136.
P. Q. Nguyen, L. R. Soenksen Martinez, N. M. Donghia, et al., Wearable Biosensors Enabled By cell‐free Synthetic Biology (Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2021).
D. J. Saldanha, A. Cai, and N. M. Dorval Courchesne, “The Evolving Role of Proteins in Wearable Sweat Biosensors,” ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 9, no. 5 (2021): 2020–2047.
T. Siripongpreda, B. Somchob, N. Rodthongkum, and V. P. Hoven, “Bacterial Cellulose‐based Re‐swellable Hydrogel: Facile Preparation and Its Potential Application as Colorimetric Sensor of Sweat pH and Glucose,” Carbohydrate Polymers 256 (2021): 117506.
X. T. Zheng, Y. Zhong, H. E. Chu, et al., “Carbon Dot‐doped Hydrogel Sensor Array for Multiplexed Colorimetric Detection of Wound Healing,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 15, no. 14 (2023): 17675–17687.
Q. Wang, M. Chen, C. Xiong, et al., “Dual Confinement of High–loading Enzymes within Metal–organic Frameworks for Glucose Sensor with Enhanced Cascade Biocatalysis,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 196 (2022): 113695.
G. Mirra, L. Cursi, L. Boselli, and P. P. Pompa, “Screening Oxidoreductase Activities of Nanozymes: toward Activity‐Tailored Guidelines,” Small Science 5, no. 2 (2025): 2400487.
L. Cursi, G. Mirra, L. Boselli, and P. P. Pompa, “Metrology of Platinum Nanozymes: Mechanistic Insights and Analytical Issues,” Advanced Functional Materials 34, no. 24 (2024): 2315587.
A. Scarsi, D. Pedone, and P. P. Pompa, “A Multi‐line Platinum Nanozyme‐based Lateral Flow Device for the Colorimetric Evaluation of Total Antioxidant Capacity in Different Matrices,” Nanoscale Advances 5, no. 8 (2023): 2167–2174.
F. Mustafa, M. Carhart, and S. Andreescu, “A 3D‐printed Breath Analyzer Incorporating CeO2 Nanoparticles for Colorimetric Enzyme‐based Ethanol Sensing,” ACS Applied Nano Materials 4, no. 9 (2021): 9361–9369.
X. Li, G. Lin, L. Zhou, O. Prosser, M. H. Malakooti, and M. Zhang, “Green Synthesis of Iron‐doped Graphene Quantum Dots: an Efficient Nanozyme for Glucose Sensing,” Nanoscale Horizons 9, no. 6 (2024): 976–989.
W. Jaroenram, P. Cecere, and P. P. Pompa, “Xylenol Orange‐based Loop‐mediated DNA Isothermal Amplification for Sensitive Naked‐eye Detection of Escherichia coli,” Journal of Microbiological Methods 156 (2019): 9–14.
L. Zheng, L. Liu, J. Yu, and P. Shao, “Novel Trends and Applications of Natural pH‐responsive Indicator Film in Food Packaging for Improved Quality Monitoring,” Food Control 134 (2022): 108769.
X. Zhenghong, T. Zhang, Z. Xu et al., “Research Progress and Prospects of Nanozymes in Alleviating Abiotic Stress of Crops.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 73, no. 15 (2025): 8694–8714.
H. Runxin, N. Yin, Y. Wang et al., “Nanozymes: Recent Advances for Sustainable Agricultural Development.” Nanoscale Horizons 10, no. 10 (2025): 2184–2210.
B. Fan, Y. Wu, H. Guo, et al., “Self‐assembly of Cascade Nanoenzyme Glucose Oxidase Encapsulated in Copper Benzenedicarboxylate for Wearable Sweat‐glucose Colorimetric Sensors with Smartphone Readout,” Analytica Chimica Acta 1316 (2024): 342852.
S. Park, J. Hwang, H. J. Jeon, et al., “Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle‐containing Colorimetric Contact Lenses for Noninvasively Monitoring human Tear Glucose,” ACS Applied Nano Materials 4, no. 5 (2021): 5198–5210.
X. Lin, Y. Luo, D. Li, et al., “Recent Advances in Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) Sensing Technologies,” Nanotechnology 36 (2025): 202001.
T. Kant, K. Shrivas, and N. S. Dahariya, “Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) of Nanomaterials for Colorimetric Detection: a Review,” Current Indian Science 2, no. 1 (2024): 2210299×281976.
L. Song, J. Chen, B. B. Xu, and Y. Huang, “Flexible Plasmonic Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring: Progress and Prospects,” ACS Nano 15, no. 12 (2021): 18822–18847.
H. Torné‐Morató, L. Pesenti, V. Triphaty, and P. P. Pompa, “Sensitivity‐enhanced Competitive Lateral Flow Immunoassays by Polycaprolactone Electrospun Stacking Pad: Estrous Determination in Whole Blood,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 271 (2025): 117080.
H. Torné‐Morató, P. Donati, and P. P. Pompa, “Nanoplasmonic Strip Test for Salivary Glucose Monitoring,” Nanomaterials 12, no. 1 (2021): 105.
P. Donati, M. Moglianetti, M. Veronesi, et al., “Nanocatalyst/Nanoplasmon‐Enabled Detection of Organic Mercury: a One‐Minute Visual Test,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 58, no. 30 (2019): 10285–10289.
P. Donati, T. Pomili, L. Boselli, and P. P. Pompa, “Colorimetric Nanoplasmonics to Spot Hyperglycemia from Saliva,” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8 (2020): 601216.
F. B. Kamal Eddin, H. Fan, Z. Liu, et al., “Progress in Surface Plasmon and Other Resonance Biosensors for Biomedical Applications,” Advanced Materials Technologies (2025): 2500536.
A. T. Güntner and F. M. Schenk, “Environmental Formaldehyde Sensing at Room Temperature by Smartphone‐assisted and Wearable Plasmonic Nanohybrids,” Nanoscale 15, no. 8 (2023): 3967–3977.
P. Valentini and P. P. Pompa, “Gold Nanoparticles for Naked‐eye DNA Detection: Smart Designs for Sensitive Assays,” RSC Advances 3, no. 42 (2013), 19181–19190.
G. Tatulli and P. P. Pompa, “An Amplification‐free Colorimetric Test for Sensitive DNA Detection Based on the Capturing of Gold Nanoparticle Clusters,” Nanoscale 12, no. 29 (2020): 15604–15610.
Y. Wang, J. Zhou, and J. Li, “Construction of Plasmonic Nano‐Biosensor‐Based Devices for Point‐of‐Care Testing,” Small Methods 1, no. 11 (2017): 1700197.
Z. Zhong, S. Patskovskyy, P. Bouvrette, J. H. Luong, and A. Gedanken, “The Surface Chemistry of Au Colloids and Their Interactions with Functional Amino Acids,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108, no. 13 (2004): 4046–4052.
A. Scarsi, D. Pedone, and P. P. Pompa, “A Dual‐color Plasmonic Immunosensor for Salivary Cortisol Measurement,” Nanoscale Advances 5, no. 2 (2023): 329–336.
C. Parolo, A. Sena‐Torralba, J. F. Bergua, et al., “Tutorial: Design and Fabrication of Nanoparticle‐based Lateral‐flow Immunoassays,” Nature Protocols 15, no. 12 (2020): 3788–3816.
L. Bao, J. Park, B. Qin, and B. Kim, “Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM/IgG Antibodies Detection Using a Patch Sensor Containing Porous Microneedles and a Paper‐based Immunoassay,” Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (2022): 10693.
J. Chai, Z. Lin, Y. Wang, et al., “Low‐Cost, High‐Performance Refractive Index Sensing with Ultranarrow Resonance Line Width for Wearable Sensing,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 17, no. 22 (2025): 32859–32866.
J. Tong, X. Shi, Y. Wang, L. Han, and T. Zhai, “Flexible Plasmonic Random Laser for Wearable Humidity Sensing,” Science China Information Sciences 64, no. 12 (2021): 222401.
R. Fang, M. He, H. Huang, et al., “Effect of Redox state of Ag on Indoor Formaldehyde Degradation over Ag/TiO2 Catalyst at Room Temperature,” Chemosphere 213 (2018): 235–243.
A. Choe, J. Yeom, R. Shanker, M. P. Kim, S. Kang, and H. Ko, “Stretchable and Wearable Colorimetric Patches Based on Thermoresponsive Plasmonic Microgels Embedded in a Hydrogel Film,” NPG Asia Materials 10, no. 9 (2018): 912–922.
A. E. Salih, M. Elsherif, F. Alam, M. Chiesa, and H. Butt, “Rapid Colorimetric pH‐responsive Gold Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Sensing Applications,” Nanomaterials 12, no. 9 (2022): 1486.
V. Mastronardi, M. Moglianetti, E. Ragusa, R. Zunino, and P. P. Pompa, “From a Chemotherapeutic Drug to a High‐performance Nanocatalyst: a Fast Colorimetric Test for Cisplatin Detection at Ppb Level,” Biosensors 12, no. 6 (2022): 375.
K. Kermanshahian, A. Yadegar, and H. Ghourchian, “Gold Nanorods Etching as a Powerful Signaling Process for Plasmonic Multicolorimetric Chemo‐/Biosensors: Strategies and Applications,” Coordination Chemistry Reviews 442 (2021): 213934.
Y. Qi, H. Xie, J. Liu, et al., “Detection of NO2‐With a Colorimetric Sensor Based on Etching Au NBPs,” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 124 (2023): 105681.
T. Pomili, P. Donati, and P. P. Pompa, “Paper‐Based Multiplexed Colorimetric Device for the Simultaneous Detection of Salivary Biomarkers,” Biosensors 11, no. 11 (2021): 443.
J. Zhu, T.‐T. Jia, J.‐J. Li, X. Li, and J.‐W. Zhao, “Plasmonic Spectral Determination of Hg (II) Based on Surface Etching of Au‐Ag Core‐shell Triangular Nanoplates: from Spectrum Peak to Dip,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 207 (2019): 337–347.
T. J. Jayeoye, C. Supachettapun, and N. Muangsin, “Toxic Ag+ Detection Based on Au@ Ag Core Shell Nanostructure Formation Using Tannic Acid Assisted Synthesis of Pullulan Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles,” Scientific Reports 13 (2023): 1844.
S. Zeng, H. Sun, C. Park, et al., “Multi‐stimuli Responsive Chromism with Tailorable Mechanochromic Sensitivity for Versatile Interactive Sensing under Ambient Conditions,” Materials Horizons 7, no. 1 (2020): 164–172.
T. Chen, Q. Yang, C. Fang, S. Deng, and B. Xu, “Advanced Design for Stimuli‐Reversible Chromic Wearables with Customizable Functionalities,” Advanced Materials 37, no. 6 (2025): 2413665.
F. Han, T. Wang, G. Liu, et al., “Materials with Tunable Optical Properties for Wearable Epidermal Sensing in Health Monitoring,” Advanced Materials 34, no. 26 (2022): 2109055.
T. Chen, B. Xu, M. Zhu, J. Zhang, W. Sun, and J. Han, “Advanced Functional Photochromic Wearables with Fast Photo‐responsivity, Long Color‐retention, and Multi‐environmental Stability,” Chemical Engineering Journal 490 (2024): 151804.
M. Qin, Y. Huang, F. Li, and Y. Song, “Photochromic Sensors: a Versatile Approach for Recognition and Discrimination,” Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 36 (2015): 9265–9275.
J. Du, Z. Yang, H. Lin, and D. Poelman, “Inorganic Photochromic Materials: Recent Advances, Mechanism, and Emerging Applications,” Responsive Materials 2, no. 2 (2024): 20240004.
W. Zou, M. Sastry, J. J. Gooding, R. Ramanathan, and V. Bansal, “Recent Advances and a Roadmap to Wearable UV Sensor Technologies,” Advanced Materials Technologies 5, no. 4 (2020): 1901036.
A. B. A. Kayani, S. Kuriakose, M. Monshipouri, et al., “UV Photochromism in Transition Metal Oxides and Hybrid Materials,” Small 17, no. 32 (2021): 2100621.
O. Ivashenko, J. T. van Herpt, B. L. Feringa, P. Rudolf, and W. R. Browne, “UV/Vis and NIR Light‐responsive Spiropyran Self‐assembled Monolayers,” Langmuir 29, no. 13 (2013): 4290–4297.
Y. Liu, H. Li, Q. Feng, et al., “A Three‐dimensional‐printed Recyclable, Flexible, and Wearable Device for Visualized UV, Temperature, and Sweat pH Sensing,” ACS Omega 7 (2022): 9834–9845.
H. D. Bandara and S. C. Burdette, “Photoisomerization in Different Classes of Azobenzene,” Chemical Society Reviews 41, no. 5 (2012): 1809–1825.
M. Irie, T. Fukaminato, K. Matsuda, and S. Kobatake, “Photochromism of Diarylethene Molecules and Crystals: Memories, Switches, and Actuators,” Chemical Reviews 114, no. 24 (2014): 12174–12277.
T. Cordes, T. T. Herzog, S. Malkmus, et al., “Wavelength and Solvent Independent Photochemistry: the Electrocyclic Ring‐closure of Indolylfulgides,” Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 8, no. 4 (2009): 528–534.
C. M. Sousa, J. Berthet, S. Delbaere, A. Polonia, and P. J. Coelho, “Fast Color Change with Photochromic Fused Naphthopyrans,” The Journal of Organic Chemistry 80, no. 24 (2015): 12177–12181.
R. L. McKenzie, J. B. Liley, and L. O. Björn, “UV Radiation: Balancing Risks and Benefits,” Photochemistry and Photobiology 85, no. 1 (2009): 88–98.
W. Zou, A. González, D. Jampaiah, et al., “Skin Color‐specific and Spectrally‐selective Naked‐eye Dosimetry of UVA, B and C Radiations,” Nature Communications 9, no. 1 (2018): 3743.
A. Lawrynowicz, S. Vuori, E. Palo, M. Winther, M. Lastusaari, and K. Miettunen, “Transforming Fabrics into UV‐sensing Wearables: a Photochromic Hackmanite Coating for Repeatable Detection,” Chemical Engineering Journal 494 (2024): 153069.
T. Le Bahers, M. Lastusaari, M. Weller, H. Friis, and L. van Goethem, “Photochromic Sodalites: from Natural Minerals to Advanced Applied Materials,” Accounts of Chemical Research 58, no. 3 (2025): 330–341.
A. Di Mauro, M. E. Fragalà, V. Privitera, and G. Impellizzeri, “ZnO for Application in Photocatalysis: from Thin Films to Nanostructures,” Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 69 (2017): 44–51.
P. S. Khiabani, A. H. Soeriyadi, P. J. Reece, and J. J. Gooding, “Paper‐Based Sensor for Monitoring Sun Exposure,” ACS Sensors 1, no. 6 (2016): 775–780.
A. G. Hassabo, M. Zayed, M. Bakr, and H. A. Othman, “Chromic Dyes for Smart Textile: a Review,” Letters in Applied NanoBioScience 12, no. 4 (2023): LIANBS124–161.
V. N. Toan, N. M. Tri, X. H. Nguyen, et al., “Exploring the Potential of Organic Thermochromic Materials in Textile Applications,” Journal of Materials Science 59, no. 32 (2024): 14924–14947.
Y. He, W. Li, N. Han, J. Wang, and X. Zhang, “Facile Flexible Reversible Thermochromic Membranes Based on Micro/Nanoencapsulated Phase Change Materials for Wearable Temperature Sensor,” Applied energy 247 (2019): 615–629.
K. Sahebkar, S. Indrakar, S. Srinivasan, S. Thomas, and E. Stefanakos, “Electrospun Microfibers with Embedded Leuco Dye‐based Thermochromic Material for Textile Applications,” Journal of Industrial Textiles 51, no. 2 (2022): 3188S–3200S.
S. Yu, Q. Zhang, L. Liu, and R. Ma, “Thermochromic Conductive Fibers with Modifiable Solar Absorption for Personal Thermal Management and Temperature Visualization,” ACS Nano 17, no. 20 (2023): 20299–20307.
C. Wang, J. Shi, L. Zhang, and S. Fu, “Asymmetric Janus Fibers with Bistable Thermochromic and Efficient Solar–Thermal Properties for Personal Thermal Management,” Advanced Fiber Materials 6, no. 1 (2024): 264–277.
W. Zhang, X. Ji, B. J. Peng, et al., “High‐Performance Thermoresponsive Dual‐Output Dye System for Smart Textile Application,” Advanced Functional Materials 30, no. 3 (2020): 1906463.
K. R. Schlafmann, M. S. Alahmed, H. M. Pearl, and T. J. White, “Tunable and Switchable Thermochromism in Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Elastomers,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 16, no. 18 (2024): 23780–23787.
J. Choi, A. J. Bandodkar, J. T. Reeder, et al., “Soft, Skin‐integrated Multifunctional Microfluidic Systems for Accurate Colorimetric Analysis of Sweat Biomarkers and Temperature,” ACS Sensors 4, no. 2 (2019): 379–388.
J. Fu, T. Liu, T. Yan, and Z. Pan, “Transparent Core‐sheath Composite Fibers as Flexible Temperature Sensor Based on Liquid Crystal Color Change for Smart Sportswear,” Journal of Molecular Liquids 393 (2024): 123574.
X. Qian and B. Städler, “Recent Developments in Polydiacetylene‐based Sensors,” Chemistry of Materials 31, no. 4 (2019): 1196–1222.
J. Peng, Y. Cheng, A. P. Tomsia, L. Jiang, and Q. Cheng, “Thermochromic Artificial Nacre Based on Montmorillonite,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 29 (2017): 24993–24998.
X. Lu, Z. Zhang, X. Sun, et al., “Flexible and Stretchable Chromatic Fibers with High Sensing Reversibility,” Chemical Science 7, no. 8 (2016): 5113–5117.
D. Y. Lee, H. Liu, T. K. Won, and D. J. Ahn, “Alert Patches Embedding Conjugated Polymeric Lamellar and Metal Nanoparticles Generating Optoelectronic Responses against Thermal Strsses,” Macromolecular Research 30 (2022): 930–936.
W. Zheng, N. Zhang, G. Murtaza, Z. Meng, L. Wu, and L. Qiu, “Naked‐Eye Visual Thermometer Based on Glycerol─ Nonclose‐Packed Photonic Crystals for Real‐Time Temperature Sensing and Monitoring,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 16, no. 10 (2024): 13041–13051.
X. Chen, J. Chen, X. Song, et al., “Bioinspired Mechanochromic Liquid Crystal Materials: from Fundamentals to Functionalities and Applications,” Advanced Materials 36, no. 50 (2024): 2403766.
G. Chen and W. Hong, “Mechanochromism of Structural‐Colored Materials,” Advanced Optical Materials 8, no. 19 (2020): 2000984.
Z. Wang, Z. Ma, Y. Wang, et al., “A Novel Mechanochromic and Photochromic Polymer Film: When Rhodamine Joins Polyurethane,” Advanced Materials 27, no. 41 (2015): 6469–6474.
J. Park, Y. Lee, M. H. Barbee, et al., “A Hierarchical Nanoparticle‐in‐Micropore Architecture for Enhanced Mechanosensitivity and Stretchability in Mechanochromic Electronic Skins,” Advanced Materials 31, no. 25 (2019): 1808148.
W. Qiu, C. Zhang, G. Chen, H. Zhu, Q. Zhang, and S. Zhu, “Colorimetric Ionic Organohydrogels Mimicking human Skin for Mechanical Stimuli Sensing and Injury Visualization,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 22 (2021): 26490–26497.
T. Sumi, R. Goseki, and H. Otsuka, “Tetraarylsuccinonitriles as Mechanochromophores to Generate Highly Stable Luminescent Carbon‐centered Radicals,” Chemical Communications 53, no. 87 (2017): 11885–11888.
T. Watabe, D. Aoki, and H. Otsuka, “Polymer‐network Toughening and Highly Sensitive Mechanochromism via a Dynamic Covalent Mechanophore and a Multinetwork Strategy,” Macromolecules 55, no. 13 (2022): 5795–5802.
Y. Geng, R. Kizhakidathazhath, and J. P. Lagerwall, “Robust Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Elastomer Fibres for Mechanochromic Textiles,” Nature Materials 21, no. 12 (2022): 1441–1447.
J. Choi, Y. Choi, J. H. Lee, et al., “Direct‐ink‐written Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Elastomer with Programmable Mechanochromic Response,” Advanced Functional Materials 34, no. 10 (2024): 2310658.
X. Li, Y. Chen, C. Du, X. Liao, Y. Yang, and W. Feng, “Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Elastomer Coatings with Brilliant Structural Colors and Mechanochromic Response Fabricated by Spray Deposition,” Advanced Functional Materials 35, no. 2 (2025): 2412298.
X. Wang, Y. Sun, S. Zhang, and W. Niu, “Robust Biomimetic Mechanochromic Photonic Ionogel for Pressure Sensing,” ACS Applied Nano Materials 7, no. 11 (2024): 13271–13279.
G. H. Lee, T. M. Choi, B. Kim, S. H. Han, J. M. Lee, and S. H. Kim, “Chameleon‐inspired Mechanochromic Photonic Films Composed of Non‐close‐packed Colloidal Arrays,” ACS Nano 11, no. 11 (2017): 11350–11357.
T. Ito, C. Katsura, H. Sugimoto, E. Nakanishi, and K. Inomata, “Strain‐responsive Structural Colored Elastomers by Fixing Colloidal Crystal Assembly,” Langmuir 29, no. 45 (2013): 13951–13957.
J. D. Sandt, M. Moudio, J. K. Clark, et al., “Stretchable Optomechanical fiber Sensors for Pressure Determination in Compressive Medical Textiles,” Advanced Healthcare Materials 7, no. 15 (2018): 1800293.
G. Fu, H. Gong, T. Bai, Q. Zhang, and H. Wang, “Progress and Challenges in Wearable Electrochromic Devices: a Review,” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 34, no. 16 (2023): 1316.
D. Razzaghi, M. Babazadeh‐Mamaqani, A. Babaie, et al., “Chromic Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers: Preparation, Applications, and the Future,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 17, no. 3 (2025): 4247–4289.
W. Wu, S. Guo, J. Bian, X. He, H. Li, and J. Li, “Viologen‐based Flexible Electrochromic Devices,” Journal of Energy Chemistry 93 (2024): 453–470.
Z. Han, H. Yuan, H. Zhang, et al., “Three‐Dimensional Printable Viologen‐Based Ionogel for Visible Sensing and Displa,” CCS Chemistry 7 (2025): 854–866.
J. Kim, K. H. Lee, S. Lee, et al., “Minimized Optical Scattering of MXene‐derived 2D V2O5 Nanosheet‐based Electrochromic Device with High Multicolor Contrast and Accuracy,” Chemical Engineering Journal 453 (2023): 139973.
D. S. Kim, Y. H. Lee, J. W. Kim, H. Lee, G. Jung, and J. S. Ha, “A Stretchable Array of High‐performance Electrochromic Devices for Displaying Skin‐attached Multi‐sensor Signals,” Chemical Engineering Journal 429 (2022): 132289.
C. Yan, W. Kang, J. Wang, et al., “Stretchable and Wearable Electrochromic Device,” ACS nano 8, no. 1 (2014): 316–322.
M. Kim, Y. Kim, J. Yun, C. Gao, H. W. Lee, and S. W. Lee, “An Electrochromic Alarm System for Smart Contact Lenses,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 322 (2020): 128601.
A. Chaudhary, T. Ghosh, D. K. Pathak, et al., “Prussian Blue‐Based Inorganic Flexible Electrochromism Glucose Sensor,” IET Nanodielectrics 4, no. 4 (2021): 165–170.
M. C. Hartel, D. Lee, P. S. Weiss, J. Wang, and J. Kim, “Resettable Sweat‐powered Wearable Electrochromic Biosensor,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 215 (2022): 114565.
J. R. Lakowicz, Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy (Springer, 2006).
M. Lehnert, E. Kipf, F. Schlenker, N. Borst, R. Zengerle, and F. von Stetten, “Fluorescence Signal‐to‐noise Optimisation for Real‐time PCR Using Universal Reporter Oligonucleotides,” Analytical Methods 10, no. 28 (2018): 3444–3454.
Y. Ding, Y. Tang, W. Zhu, and Y. Xie, “Fluorescent and Colorimetric Ion Probes Based on Conjugated Oligopyrroles,” Chemical Society Reviews 44, no. 5 (2015): 1101–1112.
T. K. Fam, A. S. Klymchenko, and M. Collot, “Recent Advances in Fluorescent Probes for Lipid Droplets,” Materials 11, no. 9 (2018): 1768.
O. S. Wolfbeis, “An Overview of Nanoparticles Commonly Used in Fluorescent Bioimaging,” Chemical Society Reviews 44, no. 14 (2015): 4743–4768.
H. Xia, J. Hu, J. Tang, K. Xu, X. Hou, and P. Wu, “A RGB‐type Quantum Dot‐based Sensor Array for Sensitive Visual Detection of Trace Formaldehyde in Air,” Scientific Reports 6, no. 1 (2016): 36794.
S. Hong, D. W. Zheng, Q. L. Zhang, et al., “An RGB‐emitting Molecular Cocktail for the Detection of Bacterial Fingerprints,” Chemical Science 11, no. 17 (2020): 4403–4409.
B. T. Bajar, E. S. Wang, S. Zhang, M. Z. Lin, and J. Chu, “A Guide to Fluorescent Protein FRET Pairs,” Sensors 16, no. 9 (2016): 1488.
J. Lee, H. Jun, Y. Kubota, and T. Kim, “Synthesis of Red Fluorescent Dye with Acid Gas Sensitive Optical Properties and Fabrication of a Washable and Wearable Textile Sensor,” Textile Research Journal 91, no. 17‐18 (2021): 2036–2052.
Z. Ballard, S. Bazargan, D. Jung, et al., “Contact Lens‐based Lysozyme Detection in Tear Using a Mobile Sensor,” Lab on a Chip 20, no. 8 (2020): 1493–1502.
Z. Zhang, K. Li, Y. Li, Q. Zhang, H. Wang, and C. Hou, “Dual‐function Wearable Hydrogel Optical Fiber for Monitoring Posture and Sweat P,” ACS Sensors 9, no. 6 (2024): 3413–3422.
P. Anzenbacher, F. Li, and M. A. Palacios, “Toward Wearable Sensors: Fluorescent Attoreactor Mats as Optically Encoded Cross‐reactive Sensor Arrays,” Angewandte Chemie‐International Edition 51, no. 10 (2012): 2345.
J. P. Cascales, X. Li, E. Roussakis, and C. L. Evans, “A Patient‐ready Wearable Transcutaneous CO2 Sensor,” Biosensors 12, no. 5 (2022): 333.
D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, W. Lu, et al., “Fluorescent Hydrogel‐Coated Paper/Textile as Flexible Chemosensor for Visual and Wearable Mercury(II) Detection,” Advanced Materials Technologies 4, no. 1 (2019): 1800201.
Y. Sekine, S. B. Kim, Y. Zhang, et al., “A Fluorometric Skin‐interfaced Microfluidic Device and Smartphone Imaging Module for in Situ Quantitative Analysis of Sweat Chemistry,” Lab on a Chip 18, no. 15 (2018): 2178–2186.
G. Giovannini, K. Sharma, L. F. Boesel, and R. M. Rossi, “Lab‐on‐a‐Fiber Wearable Multi‐Sensor for Monitoring Wound Healing,” Advanced Healthcare Materials 13, no. 4 (2024): 2302603.
L. Zhan, W. Xu, Z. Hu, et al., “Full‐Color “Off–On” Thermochromic Fluorescent Fibers for Customizable Smart Wearable Displays in Personal Health Monitoring,” Small 20, no. 29 (2024): 2310762.
Z. He, A. Elbaz, B. Gao, J. Zhang, E. Su, and Z. Gu, “Disposable Morpho menelaus Based Flexible Microfluidic and Electronic Sensor for the Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Disease,” Advanced Healthcare Materials 7, no. 5 (2018): 1701306.
M. Qi, Z. Zhang, L. Li, X. Mu, and Y. Wang, “A Sensitive Ratiometric Fluorescent Chemosensor for Visual and Wearable Mercury (II) Recognition in River Prawn and Water Samples,” Food Chemistry 408 (2023): 135211.
M. Gao, G. Xu, R. Zhang, et al., “Electrospinning Superassembled Mesoporous AIEgen–Organosilica Frameworks Featuring Diversified Forms and Superstability for Wearable and Washable Solid‐State Fluorescence Smart Sensors,” Analytical Chemistry 93, no. 4 (2021): 2367–2376.
J. Ai, Q. Wang, Z. Li, et al., “Highly Stretchable and Fluorescent Visualizable Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Tetraphenylethylene Plied Yarn Strain Sensor with Heterogeneous and Cracked Structure for human Health Monitoring,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 16, no. 1 (2023): 1428–1438.
M. Deng, G. Song, K. Zhong, Z. Wang, X. Xia, and Y. Tian, “Wearable Fluorescent Contact Lenses for Monitoring Glucose via a Smartphone,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 352 (2022): 131067.
M. Sang, M. Cho, S. Lim, et al., “Fluorescent‐based Biodegradable Microneedle Sensor Array for Tether‐free Continuous Glucose Monitoring with Smartphone Application,” Science Advances 9, no. 22 (2023): adh1765.
C. S. Burke, J. P. Moore, D. Wencel, and B. D. Maccraith, “Development of a Compact Optical Sensor for Real‐time, Breath‐by‐breath Detection of Oxygen,” Journal of Breath Research 2, no. 3 (2008): 037012.
J. Hu, Y. Liu, X. Zhang, H. Han, Z. Li, and T. Han, “Fabricating a Mechanochromic AIE Luminogen into a Wearable Sensor for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Detection,” Dyes and Pigments 192 (2021): 109393.
Y. Cheng, J. Wang, Z. Qiu, et al., “Multiscale Humidity Visualization by Environmentally Sensitive Fluorescent Molecular Rotors,” Advanced Materials 29, no. 46 (2017): 1703900.
M. Zhang, L. Gao, X. Zhao, Y. Duan, Y. Liao, and T. Han, “Fabricating a Hydroxynaphthalene Benzophenone Schiff Base into a Wearable Fluorescent Sensor for Point‐of‐care Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds,” Dyes and Pigments 205 (2022): 110561.
F. Xiao, D. Lei, C. Liu, et al., “Coherent Modulation of the Aggregation Behavior and Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Small Molecule Probes for Sensitive and Long‐Term Nerve Agent Monitoring,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 63, no. 15 (2024): 202400453.
Y. Zhang, X. Zhao, L. Xu, et al., “A Turn‐on Type Vapofluorochromic Methoxybenzylidene Methanone Schiff Base Applied to Wearable VOC Sensor and Smartphone‐based Detection,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 399 (2024): 134834.
D. J. Saldanha, Z. Abdali, D. Modafferi, B. Janfeshan, and N. M. Dorval Courchesne, “Fabrication of Fluorescent pH‐responsive Protein–textile Composites,” Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (2020): 13052.
Y. N. Wang, L. Qin, Z. Yuan, J. Li, and F. Meng, “Development of a Novel Humidity Sensor for Breath Pattern Recognition Using Large Dislocation Hollow Core fiber Infused with Nano‐carbon Quantum Water Gel Microfiber,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 422 (2025): 136644.
H. Chen, H. Xu, Y. Zhang, S. Gu, and D. Wang, “Wearable Design for Occupational Safety of Pb2+ Water Pollution Monitoring Based on Fluorescent CDs,” AUTEX Research Journal 23, no. 3 (2023): 403–408.
Y. He, E. Du, X. Zhou, et al., “Wet‐spinning of Fluorescent Fibers Based on Gold Nanoclusters‐loaded Alginate for Sensing of Heavy Metal Ions and Anti‐counterfeiting,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 230 (2020): 118031.
X. Y. Xu, B. Yan, and X. Lian, “Wearable Glove Sensor for Non‐invasive Organophosphorus Pesticide Detection Based on a Double‐signal Fluorescence Strategy,” Nanoscale 10, no. 28 (2018): 13722–13729.
J. Yao, P. Ji, B. Wang, H. Wang, and S. Chen, “Color‐tunable Luminescent Macrofibers Based on CdTe QDs‐loaded Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers for pH and Glucose Sensing,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 254 (2018): 110–119.
X. Wei, J. Li, Z. Hu, et al., “Carbon Quantum Dot/Chitosan‐Derived Hydrogels with Photo‐Stress‐pH Multiresponsiveness for Wearable Sensors,” Macromolecular Rapid Communications 44, no. 8 (2023): 2200928.
Y. Cui, W. Duan, Y. Jin, F. Wo, F. Xi, and J. Wu, “Ratiometric Fluorescent Nanohybrid for Noninvasive and Visual Monitoring of Sweat Glucose,” ACS Sensors 5 (2020): 2096–2105.
M. Wang, B. Lin, Y. Chen, H. Liu, Z. Ju, and R. Lv, “Fluorescence‐recovered Wearable Hydrogel Patch for in Vitro Detection of Glucose Based on Rare‐earth Nanoparticles,” ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 10, no. 2 (2024): 1128–1138.
S. Yin, X. Chen, R. Li, L. Sun, C. Yao, and Z. Li, “Wearable, Biocompatible, and Dual‐emission Ocular Multisensor Patch for Continuous Profiling of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics in Tears,” ACS Nano 18, no. 28 (2024): 18522–18533.
J. Xu, J. Wang, Y. Li, et al., “A Wearable Gloved Sensor Based on Fluorescent Ag Nanoparticles and Europium Complexes for Visualized Assessment of Tetracycline in Food Samples,” Food Chemistry 424 (2023): 136376.
T. Van Tam, S. H. Hur, J. S. Chung, and W. M. Choi, “Novel Paper‐and fiber Optic‐based Fluorescent Sensor for Glucose Detection Using Aniline‐functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 329 (2021): 129250.
M. Chen, Y. He, H. Liang, et al., “Stretchable and Strain‐decoupled Fluorescent Optical fiber Sensor for Body Temperature and Movement Monitoring,” ACS Photonics 9, no. 4 (2022): 1415–1424.
X. Shen and B. Yan, “Designing One‐dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks: Novel Post‐synthetic Modification on Hydroxyl Groups and Ratiometric Detection of Chemical Warfare Agent Mimics,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 12, no. 11 (2024): 6455–6464.
Q. Xueping, K. Zhu, Y. Liu, et al., “Bionic Luminescent Sensors Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks: Auditory, Gustatory, and Olfactory Information Monitoring for Multimode Perception.” ACS nano 19, no. 3 (2025): 3852–3864.
J. Cai, W. Lai, Y. Chen, et al., “Ultrawide‐range Wearable Temperature Sensor Utilizing Reversible Luminescence of CsPbBr3/PS Composites,” Nano Energy 142 (2025): 111152.
S. Zhang, J. Li, P. Xu, Y. Li, Y. Zhang, and S. Wu, “Modulating Carbon Dots from Aggregation‐caused Quenching to Aggregation‐induced Emission and Applying Them in Sensing, Imaging and Anti‐counterfeiting,” Talanta 282 (2025): 126983.
T. Förster and K. Kasper, “Ein Konzentrationsumschlag Der fluoreszenz,” Zeitschrift Für Physikalische Chemie 1, no. 5_6 (1954): 275–277.
X. Li, M. Li, Y. Chen, et al., “Chemical Sensing Failed by Aggregation‐caused Quenching? A Case Study Enables Liquid/Solid Two‐phase Determination of N2H4,” Chemical Engineering Journal 415 (2021): 128975.
J. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. W. Lam, and B. Z. Tang, “Restriction of Intramolecular Motion (RIM): Investigating AIE Mechanism from Experimental and Theoretical Studies,” Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 37, no. (1) (2021): 1–15.
J. Shi, N. Chang, C. Li, et al., “Locking the Phenyl Rings of Tetraphenylethene Step by Step: Understanding the Mechanism of Aggregation‐induced Emission,” Chemical Communications 48, no. 86 (2012): 10675–10677.
C. Wang, Y. Li, and Y. Wei, “A Sandwich Boronate Affinity Sorbent Assay for Glucose Detection Facilitated by Boronic Acid‐terminated Fluorescent Polymers,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 247 (2017): 595–601.
M. Oloub, R. Hosseinzadeh, M. Tajbakhsh, and M. Mohadjerani, “A New Fluorescent Boronic Acid Sensor Based on Carbazole for Glucose Sensing via Aggregation‐induced Emission,” RSC Advances 12, no. 40 (2022): 26201–26205.
H. Shibata, Y. J. Heo, T. Okitsu, Y. Matsunaga, T. Kawanishi, and S. Takeuchi, “Injectable Hydrogel Microbeads for Fluorescence‐based in Vivo Continuous Glucose Monitoring,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 42 (2010): 17894–17898.
Y. Zhaoyang, T. Fang, and W. Cao, “Flexible and Wearable Devices Based on Colloidal Quantum Dots.” Advanced Materials Technologies 10, no. 10 (2025): 2401983.
M. S. Arai and A. S. de Camargo, “Exploring the Use of Upconversion Nanoparticles in Chemical and Biological Sensors: from Surface Modifications to Point‐of‐care Devices,” Nanoscale Advances 3, no. 18 (2021): 5135–5165.
X. Chen, Z. Yang, Q. Chen, and Y. Zhang, “Glucose Determination in human Serum by Applying Inner Filter Effect Quenching Mechanism of Upconversion Nanoparticles,” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 11 (2023): 1168086.
J. Guo, B. Zhou, C. Yang, Q. Dai, and L. Kong, “Stretchable and Upconversion‐luminescent Polymeric Optical Sensor for Wearable Multifunctional Sensing,” Optics Letters 44, no. 23 (2019): 5747–5750.
J. Guo, J. Tuo, J. Sun, et al., “Stretchable Multimodal Photonic Sensor for Wearable Multiparameter Health Monitoring,” Advanced Materials 37, no. 5 (2025): 2412322.
H. Shinoda, M. Shannon, and T. Nagai, “Fluorescent Proteins for Investigating Biological Events in Acidic Environments,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 6 (2018): 1548.
T. Weitner, T. Friganovic, and D. Šakić, “Inner Filter Effect Correction for Fluorescence Measurements in Microplates Using Variable Vertical Axis Focus,” Analytical Chemistry 94, no. 19 (2022): 7107–7114.
W. T. Liu, J. H. Wu, E. S. Y. Li, and E. S. Selamat, “Emission Characteristics of Fluorescent Labels with Respect to Temperature Changes and Subsequent Effects on DNA Microchip Studies,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 10 (2005): 6453–6457.
C. Liu, D. Ning, C. Zhang, et al., “Dual‐colored Carbon Dot Ratiometric Fluorescent Test Paper Based on a Specific Spectral Energy Transfer for Semiquantitative Assay of Copper Ions,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 22 (2017): 18897–18903.
J. Wang, C. Jiang, J. Jin, et al., “Ratiometric Fluorescent Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Point‐of‐Care Testing of Acute Myocardial Infarction,” Angewandte Chemie 133, no. 23 (2021): 13152–13159.
X. Yang, C. Li, P. Li, and Q. Fu, “Ratiometric Optical Probes for Biosensing,” Theranostics 13, no. 8 (2023): 2632–2656.
M. Madhu, S. Santhoshkumar, W. B. Tseng, and W. L. Tseng, “Maximizing Analytical Precision: Exploring the Advantages of Ratiometric Strategy in Fluorescence, Raman, Electrochemical, and Mass Spectrometry Detection,” Frontiers in Analytical Science 3 (2023): 1258558.
S. A. Wade, S. F. Collins, and G. W. Baxter, “Fluorescence Intensity Ratio Technique for Optical fiber Point Temperature Sensing,” Journal of Applied Physics 94, no. 8 (2003): 4743–4756.
Y. Zhao, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, Y. Li, and X. Yao, “Optical Temperature Sensing of up‐conversion Luminescent Materials: Fundamentals and Progress,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds 817 (2020): 152691.
Y. Li, T. Liu, H. Liu, M. Z. Tian, and Y. Li, “Self‐assembly of Intramolecular Charge‐transfer Compounds into Functional Molecular Systems,” Accounts of Chemical Research 47, no. 4 (2014): 1186–1198.
W. C. Lin, S. K. Fang, J. W. Hu, H. Y. Tsai, and K. Y. Chen, “Ratiometric Fluorescent/Colorimetric Cyanide‐selective Sensor Based on Excited‐state Intramolecular Charge Transfer− Excited‐state Intramolecular Proton Transfer Switching,” Analytical Chemistry 86, no. 10 (2014): 4648–4652.
L. Wu, C. Huang, B. P. Emery, et al., “Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)‐based Small‐molecule Sensors and Imaging Agents,” Chemical Society Reviews 49, no. 15 (2020): 5110–5139.
T. Cai, Y.‐Z. Yan, Y. Park, T. Lee, D. Peng, Y. Liu, C.‐S. Ha, and K. C. Kim, “Phosphorescence‐based Flexible and Transparent Optical Temperature‐sensing Skin Capable of Operating in Extreme Environments,” ACS Applied Polymer Materials 3, no. 5 (2021): 2461–2469.
H. Marks, A. Bucknor, E. Roussakis, et al., “A Paintable Phosphorescent Bandage for Postoperative Tissue Oxygen Assessment in DIEP Flap Reconstruction,” Science Advances 6, no. 51 (2020): abd1061.
J. P. Cascales, E. Roussakis, L. Witthauer, et al., “Wearable Device for Remote Monitoring of Transcutaneous Tissue Oxygenation,” Biomedical Optics Express 11, no. 12 (2020): 6989–7002.
J. P. Cascales, D. A. Greenfield, E. Roussakis, et al., “Wireless Wearable Sensor Paired with Machine Learning for the Quantification of Tissue Oxygenation,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal 8, no. 24 (2021): 17557–17567.
X. Li, E. Roussakis, J. P. Cascales, et al., “Optimization of Bright, Highly Flexible, and Humidity Insensitive Porphyrin‐based Oxygen‐sensing Materials,” Journal of Materials Chemistry C 9, no. 24 (2021): 7555–7567.
J. P. Cascales, E. Roussakis, L. Witthauer, et al., “Wireless Wearable Device for Detection of Transcutaneous Tissue Oxygenation Based on Phase Phosphorimetry,” In Bio‐Optics: Design and Application (Optica Publishing Group, 2021): DW4A–2.
M. Müller, J. P. Cascales, H. L. Marks, M. Wang‐Evers, D. Manstein, and C. L. Evans, “Phosphorescent Microneedle Array for the Measurement of Oxygen Partial Pressure in Tissue,” ACS Sensors 7, no. 11 (2022): 3440–3449.
J. P. Cascales, E. Roussakis, M. Müller, et al., “Optimization of Transcutaneous Oxygenation Wearable Sensors for Clinical Applications,” Advanced Sensor Research 3, no. 3 (2024): 2300126.
G. Baryshnikov, B. Minaev, and H. Ågren, “Theory and Calculation of the Phosphorescence Phenomenon,” Chemical Reviews 117, no. 9 (2017): 6500–6537.
A. Goncharov, Z. Gorocs, R. Pradhan, et al., “Insertable Glucose Sensor Using a Compact and Cost‐effective Phosphorescence Lifetime Imager and Machine Learning,” ACS Nano 18, no. 34 (2024): 23365–23379.
X. Xu and B. Yan, “Wearable Eu@ HOF Luminescent Fabric as a Highly Selective and Sensitive Optical Synapse Sensor for Identification of Six Laboratory Volatile Compounds by Neuromorphic Computing,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 29 (2022): 15427–15437.
C. J. Lim, S. Lee, J. H. Kim, H. J. Kil, Y. C. Kim, and J. W. Park, “Wearable, Luminescent Oxygen Sensor for Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitoring,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 48 (2018): 41026–41034.
Y. Katayama, Y. Fujioka, and K. Tsukada, “Development of a Patch‐type Flexible Oxygen Partial Pressure Sensor,” IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine 8 (2020): 1–7.
T. Falcucci, K. F. Presley, J. Choi, et al., “Degradable Silk‐Based Subcutaneous Oxygen Sensors,” Advanced Functional Materials 32, no. 27 (2022): 2202020.
K. F. Presley, T. Falcucci, S. Shaidani, et al., “Engineered Porosity for Tissue‐integrating, Bioresorbable Lifetime‐based Phosphorescent Oxygen Sensors,” Biomaterials 301 (2023): 122286.
D. Chimene, W. Saleem, N. Longbottom, et al., “Long‐Term Evaluation of Inserted Nanocomposite Hydrogel‐Based Phosphorescent Oxygen Biosensors: Evolution of Local Tissue Oxygen Levels and Foreign Body Response,” ACS Applied Bio Materials 7, no. 6 (2024): 3964–3980.
X. Li, S. Zhao, B. Li, K. Yang, M. Lan, and L. Zeng, “Advances and Perspectives in Carbon Dot‐based Fluorescent Probes: Mechanism, and Application,” Coordination Chemistry Reviews 431 (2021): 213686.
X. Ji, N. Wang, J. Wang, T. Wang, X. Huang, and H. Hao, “Non‐destructive Real‐time Monitoring and Investigation of the Self‐assembly Process Using Fluorescent Probes,” Chemical Science 15, no. 11 (2024): 3800–3830.
P. Dong, B. S. Ko, K. A. Lomeli, E. C. Clark, M. J. McShane, and M. A. Grunlan, “A Glucose Biosensor Based on Phosphorescence Lifetime Sensing and a Thermoresponsive Membrane,” Macromolecular Rapid Communications 43, no. 9 (2022): 2100902.
M. M. Calabretta, A. Lopreside, L. Montali, et al., “Portable Light Detectors for Bioluminescence Biosensing Applications: a Comprehensive Review from the Analytical Chemist's Perspective,” Analytica Chimica Acta 1200 (2022): 339583.
M. Yang, J. Huang, J. Fan, J. Du, K. Pu, and X. Peng, “Chemiluminescence for Bioimaging and Therapeutics: Recent Advances and Challenges,” Chemical Society Reviews 49, no. 19 (2020): 6800–6815.
A. Roda, M. Guardigli, P. Pasini, M. Mirasoli, E. Michelini, and M. Musiani, “Bio‐and Chemiluminescence Imaging in Analytical Chemistry,” Analytica Chimica Acta 541, no. 1‐2 (2005): 25–35.
A. Roda, M. Guardigli, D. Calabria, M. M. Calabretta, L. Cevenini, and E. Michelini, “A 3D‐printed Device for a Smartphone‐based Chemiluminescence Biosensor for Lactate in Oral Fluid and Sweat,” The Analyst 139, no. 24 (2014): 6494–6501.
C. M. Singhal, V. Kaushik, A. Awasthi, et al., “Deep Learning‐enhanced Portable Chemiluminescence Biosensor: 3D‐printed, Smartphone‐integrated Platform for Glucose Detection,” Bioengineering 12, no. 2 (2025): 119.
K. Tomimuro, K. Tenda, Y. Ni, Y. Hiruta, M. Merkx, and D. Citterio, “Thread‐based Bioluminescent Sensor for Detecting Multiple Antibodies in a Single Drop of Whole Blood,” ACS Sensors 5, no. 6 (2020): 1786–1794.
Z. Zhang, S. Zhang, and X. Zhang, “Recent Developments and Applications of Chemiluminescence Sensors,” Analytica Chimica Acta 541, no. 1‐2 (2005): 37–46.
H. W. Yeh and H. W. Ai, “Development and Applications of Bioluminescent and Chemiluminescent Reporters and Biosensors,” Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry 12, no. 1 (2019): 129–150.
M. M. Richter, “Electrochemiluminescence (ecl),” Chemical Reviews 104, no. 6 (2004): 3003–3036.
M. M. Chen, S. B. Cheng, K. Ji, et al., “Construction of a Flexible Electrochemiluminescence Platform for Sweat Detection,” Chemical Science 10, no. 25 (2019): 6295–6303.
D. K. Kwon and J. M. Myoung, “Wearable and Semitransparent Pressure‐sensitive Light‐emitting Sensor Based on Electrochemiluminescence,” ACS Nano 14, no. 7 (2020): 8716–8723.
Y. Hu, J. Li, J. Liu, X. Yu, J. Yang, and Y. Li, “A Simple yet Multifunctional Sensing Platform Inspired by Healing‐assembly Hydrogels Serving Motion and Sweat Monitoring,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 378 (2023): 133173.
P. Huang, X. Zou, Z. Xu, et al., “Studies on Annihilation and Coreactant Electrochemiluminescence of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Molecules in Organic Medium,” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 27, no. 21 (2022): 7457.
S. Rebeccani, A. Zanut, C. I. Santo, G. Valenti, and F. Paolucci, “A Guide inside Electrochemiluminescent Microscopy Mechanisms for Analytical Performance Improvement,” Analytical Chemistry 94, no. 1 (2021): 336–348.
J. Wang, Y. Luo, Z. Zhou, J. Xiao, T. Xu, and X. Zhang, “Epidermal Wearable Optical Sensors for Sweat Monitoring,” Communications Materials 5, no. 1 (2024): 77.
S. E. Kirschbaum and A. J. Baeumner, “A Review of Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in and for Microfluidic Analytical Devices,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 407, no. 14 (2015): 3911–3926.
Z. Cen et al., “A Stretchable Electroluminescent Skin Based on Microcracked Electrodes for Wearable Sensors,” in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Electronics Technology (ICET), 7th ed. (2024): 91–95.
C. Qu, Y. Zhang, Z. Chen, J. Yao, H. Shao, and Y. Xu, “A Flexible and Wearable Visual Pressure Sensing System Based on Piezoresistive Sensors and Alternating Current Electroluminescence Devices,” Advanced Materials Technologies 9, no. 1 (2024): 2301280.
E. H. Kim, H. Han, S. Yu, et al., “Interactive Skin Display with Epidermal Stimuli Electrode,” Advanced Science 6, no. 13 (2019): 1802351.
S. Jun, Y. Kim, B. K. Ju, and J. W. Kim, “Extremely Flexible, Transparent, and Strain‐sensitive Electroluminescent Device Based on ZnS: Cu‐polyvinyl Butyral Composite and Silver Nanowires,” Applied Surface Science 429 (2018): 144–150.
Y. Zhang, Y. Fang, J. Li, et al., “Dual‐mode Electronic Skin with Integrated Tactile Sensing and Visualized Injury Warning,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 42 (2017): 37493–37500.
C. Larson, B. Peele, S. Li, et al., “Highly Stretchable Electroluminescent Skin for Optical Signaling and Tactile Sensing,” Science 351, no. 6277 (2016): 1071–1074.
Y. J. Tan, H. Godaba, G. Chen, et al., “A Transparent, Self‐healing and High‐κ Dielectric for Low‐field‐emission Stretchable Optoelectronics,” Nature Materials 19, no. 2 (2020): 182–188.
K. P. Bera, Y. G. Lee, M. Usman, R. Ghosh, K. L. Lu, and Y. F. Chen, “Dirac Point Modulated Self‐Powered Ultrasensitive Photoresponse and Color‐Tunable Electroluminescence from Flexible Graphene/Metal–Organic Frameworks/Graphene Vertical Phototransistor,” ACS Applied Electronic Materials 4, no. 5 (2022): 2337–2345.
L. Su, Q. Xiong, H. Wang, and Y. Zi, “Porous‐structure‐promoted Tribo‐induced High‐performance Self‐powered Tactile Sensor toward Remote human‐machine Interaction,” Advanced Science 9, no. 32 (2022): 2203510.
Y. Wang, H. L. Wang, H. Y. Li, X. Y. Wei, Z. L. Wang, and G. Zhu, “Enhanced High‐resolution Triboelectrification‐induced Electroluminescence for Self‐powered Visualized Interactive Sensing,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, no. 14 (2019): 13796–13802.
L. Su, Z. Jiang, Z. Tian, H. Wang, H. Wang, and Y. Zi, “Self‐powered, Ultrasensitive, and High‐resolution Visualized Flexible Pressure Sensor Based on Color‐tunable Triboelectrification‐induced Electroluminescence,” Nano Energy 79 (2021): 105431.
N. S. Karan, D. D. Sarma, R. M. Kadam, and N. Pradhan, “Doping Transition Metal (Mn or Cu) Ions in Semiconductor Nanocrystals,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 1, no. 19 (2010): 2863–2866.
C. Qu, Y. Xu, Y. Xiao, S. Zhang, H. Liu, and G. Song, “Multifunctional Displays and Sensing Platforms for the Future: a Review on Flexible Alternating Current Electroluminescence Devices,” ACS Applied Electronic Materials 3, no. 12 (2021): 5188–5210.
A. Kitai, “Alternating Current Thin Film and Powder Electroluminescence,” Materials for Solid State Lighting and Displays (2017): 313–338.
S. Pan and Z. Zhang, “Fundamental Theories and Basic Principles of Triboelectric Effect: a Revie,” Friction 7, no. 1 (2019): 2–17.
Y. Zhou, S. Cao, J. Wang, et al., “Bright Stretchable Electroluminescent Devices Based on Silver Nanowire Electrodes and High‐k Thermoplastic Elastomers,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 51 (2018): 44760–44767.
X. Zhang, T. Ye, X. Meng, et al., “Sustainable and Transparent Fish Gelatin Films for Flexible Electroluminescent Devices,” ACS Nano 14, no. 4 (2020): 3876–3884.
Y. Zhuang and R. J. Xie, “Mechanoluminescence Rebrightening the Prospects of Stress Sensing: a Review,” Advanced Materials 33, no. 50 (2021): 2005925.
J. Liu, G. C. Lama, F. Recupido, et al., “A Multifunctional Composite Material with Piezoresistivity and Mechanoluminescence Properties for a Wearable Sensor,” Composites Science and Technology 236 (2023): 109993.
W. Li, S. Wang, M. Jin, et al., “Near‐infrared Dual‐modal Sensing of Force and Temperature in Total Knee Replacement Using Mechanoluminescent Phosphor of Sr3Sn2O7: Nd, Y,” Small 20, no. 25: 2310180.
N. Li, S. Yu, L. Zhao, et al., “Recoverable Dual‐modal Responsive Sensing Materials Based on Mechanoluminescence and Thermally Stimulated Luminescence toward Noncontact Tactile Sensors,” Inorganic Chemistry 62, no. 5 (2023): 2024–2032.
X. Li, C. Wang, Y. Zheng, et al., “Smart Semiconductor‐heterojunctions Mechanoluminescence for Printable and Wearable Sports Light Sources,” Materials & Design 225 (2023): 111589.
Y. Yu, H. Xu, E. Song, et al., “Electroluminescence, Mechanoluminescence, and Triboelectric from Superior Multimode Systems Based on Flexible Hydrogels for human Motion Sensing,” Advanced Materials Technologies 9, no. 4 (2024): 2301628.
M. S. Kim, S. Timilsina, S. M. Jang, J. S. Kim, and S. S. Park, “A Mechanoluminescent ZnS: Cu/PDMS and Biocompatible Piezoelectric Silk Fibroin/PDMS Hybrid Sensor for Self‐Powered Sensing and Artificial Intelligence Control,” Advanced Materials Technologies 9, no. 11 (2024): 2400255.
J. Cui, B. Ren, Y. Guo, et al., “Method for Enhanced Gesture Recognition under Low Light Conditions Based on Wearable Mechanoluminescence Sensors,” Measurement 241 (2025): 115693.
J. Wang, K. Yao, K. Cui, et al., “Contact Electrification Induced Multicolor Self‐Recoverable Mechanoluminescent Elastomer for Wearable Smart Light‐Emitting Devices,” Advanced Optical Materials 11, no. 12 (2023): 2203112.
D. Chen, R. Cui, C. Huang, Z. Wang, and L. Niu, “Wearable Mechanoluminescent Triboelectric Sensors for Real‐Time Monitoring of Nighttime Sports Activities,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 17, no. 12 (2025): 18844–18851.
X. Wei, Q. Zhu, X. Wang, et al., “Magnetized Microcilia‐based Triboelectric Nanogenerators with Mechanoluminescence for Energy Harvesting and Signal Sensing,” Nano Energy 130 (2024): 110092.
P. Zhang, J. Wu, L. Zhao, et al., “Environmentally Stable and Self‐recovery Flexible Composite Mechanical Sensor Based on Mechanoluminescence,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 11, no. 10 (2023): 4073–4081.
J. Wu, X. Zhou, J. Luo, et al., “Stretchable and Self‐Powered Mechanoluminescent Triboelectric Nanogenerator Fibers Toward Wearable Amphibious Electro‐Optical Sensor Textiles,” Advanced Science 11, no. 34 (2024): 2401109.
T. Cai, Y. Z. Yan, J. Jung, et al., “Phosphorescence‐based Temperature and Tactile Multi‐functional Flexible Sensing Skin,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 332 (2021): 113205.
Y. Dong, W. An, Z. Wang, and D. Zhang, “An Artificial Intelligence‐assisted Flexible and Wearable Mechanoluminescent Strain Sensor System,” Nano‐Micro Letters 17, no. 1 (2025): 62.
C. Yan, X. He, B. Yu, et al., “A Mechanoluminescence‐Based Stress Sensing Hydrogel for Intelligent Artificial Ligament,” Advanced Functional Materials 35, no. 15 (2025): 2420142.
B. Hou, L. Yi, C. Li, et al., “An Interactive Mouthguard Based on Mechanoluminescence‐powered Optical Fibre Sensors for Bite‐controlled Device Operation,” Nature Electronics 5, no. 10 (2022): 682–693.
X. Wang, D. Peng, B. Huang, C. Pan, and Z. L. Wang, “Piezophotonic Effect Based on Mechanoluminescent Materials for Advanced Flexible Optoelectronic Applications,” Nano Energy 55 (2019): 389–400.
I. Sage, R. Badcock, L. Humberstone, N. Geddes, M. Kemp, and G. Bourhill, “Triboluminescent Damage Sensor,” Smart Materials and Structures 8, no. 4 (1999): 504–510.
S. N. Khonina and N. L. Kazanskiy, “Trends and Advances in Wearable Plasmonic Sensors Utilizing Surface‐enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS): a Comprehensive Review,” Sensors 25, no. 5 (2025): 1367.
R. R. Jones, D. C. Hooper, L. Zhang, D. Wolverson, and V. K. Valev, “Raman Techniques: Fundamentals and Frontiers,” Nanoscale Research Letters 14 (2019): 1–34.
H. L. Wang, E. M. You, R. Panneerselvam, S. Y. Ding, and Z. Q. Tian, “Advances of Surface‐enhanced Raman and IR Spectroscopies: from Nano/Microstructures to Macro‐optical Design,” Light: Light: Science & Applications 10, no. 1 (2021): 161.
L. Xie, H. Zeng, J. Zhu, et al., “State of the Art in Flexible SERS Sensors Toward Label‐free and Onsite Detection: from Design to Applications,” Nano Research 15, no. 5 (2022): 4374–4394.
Y. Gu, E. M. You, J. D. Lin, et al., “Resolving Nanostructure and Chemistry of Solid‐electrolyte Interphase on Lithium Anodes by Depth‐sensitive Plasmon‐enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,” Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (2023): 3536.
S. Y. Ding, J. Yi, J. F. Li, et al., “Nanostructure‐based Plasmon‐enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Surface Analysis of Materials,” Nature Reviews Materials 1, no. 6 (2016): 1–16.
Q. N. Nguyen, C. Wang, Y. Shang, A. Janssen, and Y. Xia, “Colloidal Synthesis of Metal Nanocrystals: from Asymmetrical Growth to Symmetry Breaking,” Chemical Reviews 123, no. 7 (2022): 3693–3760.
W. Xu, X. Ling, J. Xiao, et al., “Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy on a Flat Graphene Surface,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 24 (2012): 9281–9286.
J. F. Li, Y. J. Zhang, S. Y. Ding, R. Panneerselvam, and Z. Q. Tian, “Core–Shell Nanoparticle‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,” Chemical Reviews 117, no. 7 (2017): 5002–5069.
X. Wang, M. Li, L. Meng, et al., “Probing the Location of Hot Spots by Surface‐enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: toward Uniform Substrates,” ACS Nano 8, no. 1 (2014): 528–536.
X. X. Han, R. S. Rodriguez, C. L. Haynes, Y. Ozaki, and B. Zhao, “Surface‐enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,” Nature Reviews Methods Primers 1, no. 1 (2021): 87.
J. M. Luther, P. K. Jain, T. Ewers, and A. P. Alivisatos, “Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances Arising from Free Carriers in Doped Quantum Dots,” Nature Materials 10, no. 5 (2011): 361–366.
S. Guo, Y. Park, E. Park, S. Jin, L. Chen, and Y. M. Jung, “Molecular‐Orbital Delocalization Enhances Charge Transfer in π‐Conjugated Organic Semiconductors,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 62, no. 34 (2023): 202306709.
B. Yang, S. Jin, S. Guo, et al., “Recent Development of SERS Technology: Semiconductor‐based Study,” ACS Omega 4, no. 23 (2019): 20101–20108.
K. Xu, R. Zhou, K. Takei, and M. Hong, “Toward Flexible Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Sensors for Point‐of‐Care Diagnostics,” Advanced Science 6, no. 16 (2019): 1900925.
S. Zangana, M. Veres, and A. Bonyár, “Surface‐enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)‐based Sensors for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Detection,” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 29, no. 14 (2024): 3338.
L. Liu, P. Martinez Pancorbo, T. H. Xiao, et al., “Highly Scalable, Wearable Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy,” Advanced Optical Materials 10, no. 17 (2022): 2200054.
S. Atta, Y. Zhao, S. Sanchez, and T. Vo‐Dinh, “A Simple and Sensitive Wearable SERS Sensor Utilizing Plasmonic‐active Gold Nanostars,” ACS Omega 9, no. 37 (2024): 38897–38905.
K. Zhu, K. Yang, Y. Zhang, et al., “Wearable SERS Sensor Based on Omnidirectional Plasmonic Nanovoids Array with Ultra‐High Sensitivity and Stability,” Small 18, no. 32 (2022): 2201508.
R. Liu, T. Sha, Q. Zhou, and B. Nie, “Copper‐surrogated Galvanic Displacement of Silver Dendrite Imprinted on Flexible and Transparent Silk Fibroin Membrane as a SERS‐active Substrate and Sub‐dividable Catalyst,” Applied Surface Science 470 (2019): 1003–1009.
Y. Wang, C. Zhao, J. Wang, et al., “Wearable Plasmonic‐metasurface Sensor for Noninvasive and Universal Molecular Fingerprint Detection on Biointerfaces,” Science Advances 7, no. 4 (2021): abe4553.
B. Chen, J. Gao, H. Sun, Z. Chen, and X. Qiu, “Wearable SERS Devices in Health Management: Challenges and Prospects,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy (2025): 125957.
S. M. Restaino and I. M. White, “A Critical Review of Flexible and Porous SERS Sensors for Analytical Chemistry at the Point‐of‐sample,” Analytica Chimica Acta 1060 (2019): 17–29.
X. Liang, N. Li, R. Zhang, et al., “Carbon‐based SERS Biosensor: from Substrate Design to Sensing and Bioapplication,” NPG Asia Materials 13, no. 1 (2021): 8.
P. M. Pancorbo, H. Zhang, X. Yu, T. H. Xiao, and K. Goda, “Metal‐free SERS: Where We Are Now, Where We Are Heading,” Europhysics Letters 136, no. 3 (2022): 34001.
L. Chen, H. Liu, J. Gao, et al., “Development and Biomedical Application of Non‐Noble Metal Nanomaterials in SERS,” Nanomaterials 14, no. (20) (2024): 1654.
A. Sarycheva, T. Makaryan, K. Maleski, et al., “Two‐dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene) as Surface‐enhanced Raman Scattering Substrate,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 121, no. 36 (2017): 19983–19988.
L. L. Qu, Y. Y. Liu, M. K. Liu, G. H. Yang, D. W. Li, and H. T. Li, “Highly Reproducible Ag NPs/CNT‐intercalated GO Membranes for Enrichment and SERS Detection of Antibiotics,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 41 (2016): 28180–28186.
H. Zhang, N. Zhao, H. Li, et al., “3D flexible SERS Substrates Integrated with a Portable Raman Analyzer and Wireless Communication for Point‐of‐care Application,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 45 (2022): 51253–51264.
X. Ling, W. Fang, Y. H. Lee, et al., “Raman Enhancement Effect on Two‐dimensional Layered Materials: Graphene, h‐BN and MoS2,” Nano Letters 14, no. 6 (2014): 3033–3040.
Y. Padrez and L. Golubewa, “Black Silicon Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Biosensors: Current Advances and Prospects,” Biosensors 14, no. 10 (2024): 453.
H. Wang, W. Liao, Y. Li, et al., “Innovative Polydopamine Modified Black Silicon/Ag Substrates for Sensitive SERS Detection and Enhancement Mechanism,” Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 190 (2025): 109349.
O. Guselnikova, H. Lim, H. J. Kim, et al., “New Trends in Nanoarchitectured SERS Substrates: Nanospaces, 2D Materials, and Organic Heterostructure,” Small 18, no. 25 (2022): 2107182.
Z. Li, S. C. Xu, C. Zhang, et al., “High‐performance SERS Substrate Based on Hybrid Structure of Graphene Oxide/AgNPs/Cu Film@ Pyramid Si,” Scientific Reports 6, no. 1 (2016): 38539.
M. Zhang, Y. Lu, L. Zhang, et al., “Flexible and Wearable Glove‐based SERS Sensor for Rapid Sampling and Sensitive Detection of Controlled Drugs,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 386 (2023): 133738.
D. Wang, G. Xu, X. Zhang, et al., “Dual‐functional Ultrathin Wearable 3D Particle‐in‐cavity SF‐AAO‐Au SERS Sensors for Effective Sweat Glucose and Lab‐on‐glove Pesticide Detection,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 359 (2022): 131512.
Y. J. Yeh, C. J. Cho, J. S. Benas, K. L. Tung, C. C. Kuo, and W. H. Chiang, “Plasma‐engineered Plasmonic Nanoparticle‐based Stretchable Nanocomposites as Sensitive Wearable SERS Sensors,” ACS Applied Nano Materials 6, no. 12 (2023): 10115–10125.
M. Chung, W. H. Skinner, C. Robert, et al., “Fabrication of a Wearable Flexible Sweat pH Sensor Based on SERS‐active Au/TPU Electrospun Nanofibers,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 43 (2021): 51504–51518.
Z. Chen, Y. Liu, W. Yu, S. Liu, and Y. Huang, “Machine Learning‐Driven Wearable Sweat Sensors with AgNW/MXene for Non‐Invasive SERS‐Based Cardiovascular Disease Detection,” ACS Applied Nano Materials 8, no. 11 (2025): 5602–5610.
M. Hu, K. Zhu, J. Wei, et al., “Silk Fibroin‐based Wearable SERS Biosensor for Simultaneous Sweat Monitoring of Creatinine and Uric Acid,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 265 (2024): 116662.
U. Mogera, H. Guo, M. Namkoong, et al., “Wearable Plasmonic Paper–based Microfluidics for Continuous Sweat Analysis,” Science Advances 8, no. 12 (2022): abn1736.
H. Li, X. Luo, H. Zhang, et al., “All‐Silica Diaphragm‐based Optical fiber Fabry‐perot Pressure Sensor Fabricated by CO2 Laser Melting Capillary End Face,” Optik 287 (2023): 170994.
W. Liu, Z. Liu, Y. Zhang, et al., “Specialty Optical Fibers and 2D Materials for Sensitivity Enhancement of fiber Optic SPR Sensors: a Review,” Optics & Laser Technology 152 (2022): 108167.
Z. Gong, Z. Xiang, X. OuYang, et al., “Wearable fiber Optic Technology Based on Smart Textile: a Review,” Materials 12, no. 20 (2019): 3311.
B. Bent, B. A. Goldstein, W. A. Kibbe, et al., “Investigating Sources of Inaccuracy in Wearable Optical Heart Rate Sensors,” Npj Digital Medicine 3, no. 1 (2020): 18.
W. Bao, F. Chen, H. Lai, et al., “Wearable Breath Monitoring Based on a Flexible fiber‐optic Humidity Sensor,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 349 (2021): 130794.
D. Tosi, “Review of Chirped fiber Bragg Grating (CFBG) fiber‐optic Sensors and Their Applications,” Sensors 18, no. 7 (2018): 2147.
D. Tosi, E. Schena, C. Molardi, et al., “Fiber Optic Sensors for Sub‐centimeter Spatially Resolved Measurements: Review and Biomedical Applications,” Optical Fiber Technology 43 (2018): 6–19.
Y. Wang, C. Shen, W. Lou, et al., “Fiber Optic Relative Humidity Sensor Based on the Tilted fiber Bragg Grating Coated with Graphene Oxide,” Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 3 (2016): 031107.
Y. D. Chiu, C. W. Wu, and C. C. Chiang, “Tilted fiber Bragg Grating Sensor with Graphene Oxide Coating for Humidity Sensing,” Sensors 17, no. 9 (2017): 2129.
S. Deepa and B. Das, “Interrogation Techniques for π‐phase‐shifted fiber Bragg Grating Sensor: a Review,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 315 (2020): 112215.
D. L. Presti, C. Massaroni, J. D'Abbraccio, et al., “Wearable System Based on Flexible FBG for respiratory and Cardiac Monitoring,” IEEE Sensors Journal 19, no. 17 (2019): 7391–7398.
M. Zhu and H. Murayama, “Fast Demodulation of OFDR Based Long Length FBG Sensing System for Noisy Signals,” Optics Express 26, no. 16 (2018): 19804–19814.
S. T. Hayle, Y. C. Manie, A. M. Dehnaw, et al., “Reliable Self‐healing FBG Sensor Network for Improvement of Multipoint Strain Sensing,” Optics Communications 499 (2021): 127286.
O. Shiryayev, N. Vahdati, F. F. Yap, et al., “Compliant Mechanism‐based Sensor for Large Strain Measurements Employing fiber Optics,” Sensors 22, no. 11 (2022): 3987.
C. Shi, Z. Tang, H. Zhang, et al., “Development of an FBG‐based Wearable Sensor for Simultaneous Respiration and Heartbeat Measurement,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 72 (2022): 1–9.
S. Padma, S. Umesh, T. Srinivas, et al., “Carotid Arterial Pulse Waveform Measurements Using fiber Bragg Grating Pulse Probe,” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 22 (2017): 1415–1420.
C. Shi, H. Zhang, X. Ni, and K. Wang, “An FBG‐based Sensor with both Wearable and Handheld Forms for Carotid Arterial Pulse Waveform Measurement,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 72 (2023): 1–10.
S. Pant, S. Umesh, and S. Asokan, “Assessment of Spatio‐temporal Parameters of human Gait Using fiber Bragg Grating Sensor‐based Devices,” IEEE Sensors Journal 21, no. 7 (2021): 9186–9193.
J. Guo, K. Zhao, B. Zhou, et al., “Wearable and Skin‐Mountable Fiber‐Optic Strain Sensors Interrogated by a Free‐Running, Dual‐Comb Fiber Laser,” Advanced Optical Materials 7, no. 12 (2019): 1900086.
T. Li, Y. Su, F. Chen, et al., “A Skin‐Like and Highly Stretchable Optical fiber Sensor with the Hybrid Coding of Wavelength–light Intensity,” Advanced Intelligent Systems 4, no. 4 (2022): 2100193.
D. L. Presti, M. Zaltieri, J. Di Tocco, et al., “Respiratory Rate Monitoring of Video Terminal Operators Based on fiber Optic Technology”. In 2021 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 & IoT (MetroInd4. 0&IoT) (IEEE, 2021): 439–443.
D. Lo Presti, D. Bianchi, C. Massaroni, et al., “A Soft and Skin‐interfaced Smart Patch Based on fiber Optics for Cardiorespiratory Monitoring,” Biosensors 12, no. 6 (2022): 363.
D. L. Presti, C. Romano, C. Leitão, et al., “A Soft Sensor Based on FBG Technology for Heart Rate Monitoring in Archery.” In 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), (IEEE, 2022): 1–6.
D. L. Presti, C. Massaroni, J. Di Tocco, et al., “Cardiac Monitoring with a Smart Textile Based on Polymer‐encapsulated FBG: Influence of Sensor Positioning,” In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA) (IEEE, 2019): 1–6.
T. Li, Y. Su, F. Chen, et al., “Bioinspired Stretchable Fiber‐Based Sensor toward Intelligent Human–Machine Interactions,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 19 (2022): 22666–22677.
T. Li, F. Qiao, P. A. Huang, et al., “Flexible Optical Fiber‐Based Smart Textile Sensor for Human–Machine Interaction,” IEEE Sensors Journal 22, no. 20 (2022): 19336–19345.
D. L. Presti, C. Massaroni, M. Zaltieri, et al., “A Magnetic Resonance‐compatible Wearable Device Based on Functionalized fiber Optic Sensor for respiratory Monitoring,” IEEE Sensors Journal 21, no. 13 (2020): 14418–14425.
S. Umesh, S. Pant, S. Padma, et al., “A Novel fiber Bragg Grating System for Eye Tracking,” Journal of Advanced Research 16 (2019): 25–34.
H. Li, H. Yang, E. Li, et al., “Wearable Sensors in Intelligent Clothing for Measuring human Body Temperature Based on Optical fiber Bragg Grating,” Optics Express 20, no. 11 (2012): 11740–11752.
N. M. Radzi, A. A. Latif, M. F. Ismail, et al., “Tunable Spacing Dual‐wavelength Q‐switched fiber Laser Based on Tunable FBG Device,” Photonics 8, no. 12 (2021): 524.
H. Li, Z. An, S. Zhang, et al., “Fully Photonic Integrated Wearable Optical Interrogator,” ACS Photonics 8, no. 12 (2021): 3607–3618.
X. Yang, C. Gong, C. Zhang, et al., “Fiber Optofluidic Microlasers: Structures, Characteristics, and Application,” Laser & Photonics Reviews 16, no. 1 (2022): 2100171.
P. Xue, Y. Zhang, T. Xu, et al., “Sensing Characteristics of the F‐P Cavity on the Tip of a Microstructured fiber,” Optical Fiber Technology 82 (2024): 103647.
R. Jha, P. Mishra, and S. Kumar, “Advancements in Optical fiber‐based Wearable Sensors for Smart Health Monitoring,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 254 (2024): 116232.
W. Li, Y. Yuan, J. Yang, et al., “Review of Optical fiber Sensor Network Technology Based on White Light Interferometry,” Photonic Sensors 11, no. 1 (2021): 31–44.
X. Song, Y. Fan, and X. Tang, “FBG‐based Wearable Sensors and Devices in the Healthcare Field: a Review,” Optics & Laser Technology 181 (2025): 111920.
B. Wu, C. Zhao, J. Kang, and D. Wanget, et al., “Characteristic Study on Volatile Organic Compounds Optical fiber Sensor with Zeolite Thin Film‐coated Spherical End,” Optical Fiber Technology 34 (2017): 91–97.
X. Shang, N. Wang, S. Cao, et al., “Fiber‐Integrated Force Sensor Using 3D Printed Spring‐Composed Fabry‐Perot Cavities with a High Precision Down to Tens of Piconewton,” Advanced Materials 36, no. 2 (2024): 2305121.
E. Vavrinsky, N. E. Esfahani, M. Hausner, et al., “The Current state of Optical Sensors in Medical Wearables,” Biosensors 12, no. 4 (2022): 217.
J. Heikenfeld, A. Jajack, J. Rogers, et al., “Wearable Sensors: Modalities, Challenges, and Prospects,” Lab on a Chip 18, no. 2 (2018): 217–248.
H. Zhang, X. Zhou, X. Li, et al., “Recent Advancements of LSPR fiber‐optic Biosensing: Combination Methods, Structure, and Prospects,” Biosensors 13, no. 3 (2023): 405.
S. Cai, X. Xu, W. Yang, et al., “Materials and Designs for Wearable Photodetectors,” Advanced Materials 31, no. 18 (2019): 1808138.
Y. Yang and W. Gao, “Wearable and Flexible Electronics for Continuous Molecular Monitoring,” Chemical Society Reviews 48, no. 6 (2019): 1465–1491.
F. Martelli, Light Propagation Through Biological Tissue and Other Diffusive media (SPIE/International Society for Optical Engineering, 2009).
N. Rivera and I. Kaminer, “Light–matter Interactions with Photonic Quasiparticles,” Nature Reviews Physics 2, no. 10 (2020): 538–561.
F. S. Webler, G. Chinazzo, and M. Andersen, “Towards a Wearable Sensor for Spectrally‐resolved Personal Light Monitoring,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, no. 1 (2021): 012120.
I. Torres and J. M. Amigo, “An Overview of Regression Methods in Hyperspectral and Multispectral Imaging,” Data Handling in Science and Technology 32 (2019): 205–230.
S. Ortega, M. Halicek, H. Fabelo, et al., “Hyperspectral and Multispectral Imaging in Digital and Computational Pathology: a Systematic Review [Invited],” Biomedical Optics Express 11, no. 6 (2020): 3195–3233.
L. Wang, X. Tao, L. Sun, et al., “Multi‐spectral Sensors and Applications in Various Domains,” Multi‐spectral and Intelligent Sensing (Springer Nature Singapore, 2024): 1–18.
A. Akouibaa, R. Masrour, A. Akouibaa, et al., “Study of the Sensitivity of D‐shaped Optical fiber Sensor Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance to Detect the Refractive Index Changes in the human Blood,” Plasmonics 18, no. 1 (2023): 137–154.
W. S. Wang, N. Kari, J. D. Liu, et al., “U‐shaped Optical fiber SPR Sensor Based on GeS Sensitizing Film Layer,” Optics Communications 570 (2024): 130877.
J. Korec, K. A. Stasiewicz, K. Garbat, et al., “Enhancement of the SPR Effect in an Optical fiber Device Utilizing a Thin ag Layer and a 3092A Liquid Crystal Mixture,” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 26, no. 24 (2021): 7553.
W. Zhu, Q. Huang, Y. Wang, et al., “Enhanced Sensitivity of Heterocore Structure Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors Based on Local Microstructures,” Optical Engineering 57, no. 7 (2018): 076105–076105.
S. Lu, Z. Tan, and D. Zhang, “Dual D‐shaped Plastic Optical fiber for Simultaneous Measurement of Refractive Index and Temperature Based on Specklegram,” Optics Express 32, no. 9 (2024): 15166–15176.
H. Niu, H. Wang, H. Zhou, et al., “Ultrafine PDMS Fibers: Preparation from in Situ Curing‐electrospinning and Mechanical Characterization,” RSC Advances 4, no. 23 (2014): 11782–11787.
J. Gan, A. Yang, Q. Guo, et al., “Flexible Optical fiber Sensing: Materials, Methodologies, and Applications,” Advanced Devices & Instrumentation 5 (2024): 0046.
C. Wu, X. Liu, and Y. Ying, “Soft and Stretchable Optical Waveguide: Light Delivery and Manipulation at Complex Biointerfaces Creating Unique Windows for on‐body Sensing,” ACS Sensors 6, no. 4 (2021): 1446–1460.
Z. Xie, H. Yan, Y. Li, and X. Zhao, “A Humidity fiber Sensor Based on both End‐sides of a fiber Bragg Grating Coated with Polyimide,” Optical Fiber Technology 57 (2020): 102220.
D. J. Webb, “Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors in Polymer Optical Fibres,” Measurement Science and Technology 26 (2015): 092004.
A. Leal‐Junior, L. Macedo, A. Frizera, et al., “Polymer Optical fiber Multimaterial: Flexible and Customizable Approach in Sensors Development,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 34 (2022): 611–614.
R. E. de Oliveira, N. Sjodin, M. Fokine, et al., “Fabrication and Optical Characterization of Silica Optical Fibers Containing Gold Nanoparticles,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 1 (2015): 370–375.
D. L. Wen, Y. X. Pang, P. Huang, et al., “Silk Fibroin‐based Wearable all‐fiber Multifunctional Sensor for Smart Clothing,” Advanced Fiber Materials 4, no. 4 (2022): 873–884.
S. Wu, Z. Liu, C. Gong, et al., “Spider‐silk‐inspired Strong and Tough Hydrogel Fibers with Anti‐freezing and Water Retention Properties,” Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024): 4441.
X. Chen, Y. Feng, P. Zhang, et al., “Hydrogel Fibers‐Based Biointerfacing,” Advanced Materials 37, no. 4 (2025): 2413476.
L. Zheng, N. Keppler, H. Zhang, et al., “Planar Polymer Optical Waveguide with Metal‐Organic Framework Coating for Carbon Dioxide Sensing,” Advanced Materials Technologies 7 (2022): 2200395.
J. Chai, Q. Liu, J. Liu, and D. Zhang, “Optical fiber Sensors Based on Novel Polyimide for Humidity Monitoring of Building Materials,” Optical Fiber Technology 41 (2018): 40–47.
Y. Guo, J. Zhu, L. Xiong, et al., “Finger Motion Detection Based on Optical fiber Bragg Grating with Polyimide Substrate,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 338 (2022): 113482.
H. T. Zhu, L. W. Zhan, Q. Dai, et al., “Self‐assembled Wavy Optical Microfiber for Stretchable Wearable Sensor,” Advanced Optical Materials 9, no. 11 (2021): 2002206.
J. Guo, M. Zhou, and C. Yang, “Fluorescent Hydrogel Waveguide for on‐site Detection of Heavy Metal Ions,” Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (2017): 7902.
L. Zhao, G. Li, J. Gan, et al., “Hydrogel Optical fiber Based Ratiometric Fluorescence Sensor for Highly Sensitive pH Detection,” Journal of Lightwave Technology 39, no. 20 (2021): 6653–6659.
X. Han, L. Ding, Z. Tian, et al., “Potential New Material for Optical fiber: Preparation and Characterization of Transparent fiber Based on Natural Cellulosic fiber and Epoxy,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 224 (2023): 1236–1243.
T. Liu, Y. Mao, H. Dou, et al., “Emerging Wearable Acoustic Sensing Technologies,” Advanced Science 12, no. 6 (2025): 2408653.
T. Zhang, H. Guo, W. Qi, et al., “Wearable Photoacoustic Watch for Humans,” Optics Letters 49, no. 6 (2024): 1524–1527.
Y. Fang, L. Zhao, H. Zhang, et al., “Miniatured and Wearable Photoacoustic Sensing System for Blood Pressure Monitoring,” In 2024 IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Joint Symposium (UFFC‐JS), (IEEE, 2024), 1–4.
X. Gao, X. Chen, H. Hu, et al., “A Photoacoustic Patch for Three‐dimensional Imaging of Hemoglobin and Core Temperature,” Nature Communications 13, no. 1 (2022): 7757.
H. Jin, Z. Zheng, Z. Cui, et al., “A Flexible Optoacoustic Blood ‘Stethoscope’for Noninvasive Multiparametric Cardiovascular Monitoring,” Nature Communications 14, no. 1 (2023): 4692.
M. Elgendi, R. Fletcher, Y. Liang, et al., “The Use of Photoplethysmography for Assessing Hypertension,” Npj Digital Medicine 2, no. 1 (2019): 60.
D. Castaneda, A. Esparza, M. Ghamari, et al., “A Review on Wearable Photoplethysmography Sensors and Their Potential Future Applications in Health Care,” International Journal of Biosensors & Bioelectronics 4, no. 4 (2018): 195.
H. W. Loh, S. Xu, O. Faust, et al., “Application of Photoplethysmography Signals for Healthcare Systems: an in‐depth Review,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 216 (2022): 106677.
J. Mathew, D. Zheng, J. Xu, et al., “Systematic Review on Fabrication, Properties, and Applications of Advanced Materials in Wearable Photoplethysmography Sensors,” Advanced Electronic Materials 10, no. 8 (2024): 2300765.
H. Lee, E. Kim, Y. Lee, et al., “Toward all‐day Wearable Health Monitoring: an Ultralow‐power, Reflective Organic Pulse Oximetry Sensing Patch,” Science Advances 4, no. 11 (2018): aas9530.
R. Won, “Dual‐comb Wonders,” Nature Photonics 18, no. 9 (2024): 883–885.
F. Couny, F. Benabid, P. J. Roberts, et al., “Generation and Photonic Guidance of Multi‐octave Optical‐frequency Combs,” Science 318, no. 5853 (2007): 1118–1121.
A. L. Gaeta, M. Lipson, and T. J. Kippenberg, “Photonic‐chip‐based Frequency Combs,” Nature Photonics 13, no. 3 (2019): 158–169.
Q. Meng, G. Huang, J. Lai, et al., “Fabrication of 128 × 128 MEMS Tunable F‐P Cavity Optical Filter Array with Surface Micromachining,” Infrared Physics & Technology 105 (2020): 103199.
X. Ying, Y. Zhou, Y. Gao, et al., “High Mechanical Stability MEMS‐based Cantilever Tunable FP Filter for Cooled Infrared Spectral Detector,” Infrared Physics & Technology 147 (2025): 105793.
Z. Yuan, P. C. Wu, and Y. C. Chen, “Optical Resonator Enhanced Photovoltaics and Photocatalysis: Fundamental and Recent Progress,” Laser & Photonics Reviews 16, no. 2 (2022): 2100202.
Z. Yang, T. Albrow‐Owen, W. Cai, et al., “Miniaturization of Optical Spectrometers,” Science 371, no. 6528 (2021): abe0722.
N. Danz, B. Höfer, E. Förster, et al., “Miniature Integrated Micro‐spectrometer Array for Snap Shot Multispectral Sensing,” Optics Express 27, no. 4 (2019): 5719–5728.
L. Dong and Y. Zhao, “Photothermally Driven Liquid Crystal Polymer Actuators,” Materials Chemistry Frontiers 2, no. 11 (2018): 1932–1943.
W. Zhang, R. Mazzarello, M. Wuttig, et al., “Designing Crystallization in Phase‐change Materials for Universal Memory and Neuro‐inspired Computing,” Nature Reviews Materials 4, no. 3 (2019): 150–168.
Z. Wang, S. Yi, A. Chen, et al., “Single‐shot on‐chip Spectral Sensors Based on Photonic Crystal Slabs,” Nature Communications 10, no. 1 (2019): 1020.
D. M. Kita, B. Miranda, D. Favela, et al., “High‐performance and Scalable on‐chip Digital Fourier Transform Spectroscopy,” Nature Communications 9, no. 1 (2018): 4405.
F. Han, X. Xie, T. Wang, et al., “Wearable Hydrogel‐based Epidermal Sensor with Thermal Compatibility and Long Term Stability for Smart Colorimetric Multi‐signals Monitoring,” Advanced Healthcare Materials 12, no. 3 (2023): 2201730.
Z. Liu, J. Li, J. Li, et al., “Explainable Deep‐learning‐assisted Sweat Assessment via a Programmable Colorimetric Chip,” Analytical Chemistry 94, no. 45 (2022): 15864–15872.
V. Kansay, V. D. Sharma, V. Srivastava, et al., “Wearable, Disposable and Non‐enzymatic Fluorescence Nanosensor for Monitoring Sweat Glucose through Smartphone,” Microchemical Journal 201 (2024): 110624.
M. Rezazadeh, S. Seidi, M. Lid, et al., “The Modern Role of Smartphones in Analytical Chemistry,” TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 118 (2019): 548–555.
A. W. Martinez, S. T. Phillips, E. Carrilho, et al., “Simple Telemedicine for Developing Regions: Camera Phones and Paper‐based Microfluidic Devices for Real‐time, off‐site Diagnosis,” Analytical Chemistry 80, no. 10 (2008): 3699–3707.
J. I. Hong and B. Y. Chang, “Development of the Smartphone‐based Colorimetry for Multi‐analyte Sensing Arrays,” Lab on A Chip 14, no. 10 (2014): 1725–1732.
L. Zhou, S. S. Menon, X. Li, et al., “Machine Learning Enables Reliable Colorimetric Detection of pH and Glucose in Wearable Sweat Sensors,” Advanced Materials Technologies 10, no. 3 (2025): 2401121.
H. Kim, S. Lee, K. W. Lee, et al., “Fluorescence Sensor Array Based on Indolizine for Noninvasive Monitoring of Tear Glucose with Machine Learning‐Supported Smartphone,” SSRN (2022): 29.
V. K. Rajendran, P. Bakthavathsalam, and B. M. Jaffar Ali, “Smartphone Based Bacterial Detection Using Biofunctionalized Fluorescent Nanoparticles,” Microchimica Acta 181, no. 15 (2014): 1815–1821.
A. M. Nicolini, C. F. Fronczek, and J. Y. Yoon, “Droplet‐based Immunoassay on a ‘Sticky’nanofibrous Surface for Multiplexed and Dual Detection of Bacteria Using Smartphones,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 67 (2015): 560–569.
H. Kim, S. K. Choi, J. Ahn, et al., “Kaleidoscopic Fluorescent Arrays for Machine‐learning‐based Point‐of‐care Chemical Sensing,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 329 (2021): 129248.
S. Ghateii and A. Jahanshahi, “Colorimetric Detection of Glucose with Smartphone‐coupled µPADs: Harnessing Machine Learning Algorithms in Variable Lighting Environments,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 400 (2024): 134835.
J. Zhang, Z. Liu, Y. Tang, et al., “Explainable Deep Learning‐assisted Self‐calibrating Colorimetric Patches for in Situ Sweat Analysis,” Analytical Chemistry 96, no. 3 (2024): 1205–1213.
A. Maimaiti, K. Zhu, and B. Yan, “Intelligent Luminescent Microneedle and Hydrogel Patches for Visual Monitoring of Lactic Acid and Dopamine,” Chemical Engineering Journal 498 (2024): 155715.
E. Yüzer, V. Doğan, V. Kılıç, et al., “Smartphone Embedded Deep Learning Approach for Highly Accurate and Automated Colorimetric Lactate Analysis in Sweat,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 371 (2022): 132489.
H. C. Koydemir, Z. Gorocs, D. Tseng, et al., “Rapid Imaging, Detection and Quantification of Giardia Lamblia Cysts Using Mobile‐phone Based Fluorescent Microscopy and Machine Learning,” Lab on a Chip 15, no. 5 (2015): 1284–1293.
X. T. Zheng, Z. Yang, L. Sutarlie, et al., “Battery‐free and AI‐enabled Multiplexed Sensor Patches for Wound Monitoring,” Science Advances 9, no. 24 (2023): adg6670.
D. Zhang, Z. Xu, Z. Wang, et al., “Machine‐learning‐assisted Wearable PVA/Acrylic Fluorescent Layer‐based Triboelectric Sensor for Motion, Gait and Individual Recognition,” Chemical Engineering Journal 478 (2023): 147075.
E. Brophy, B. Hennelly, M. De Vos, et al., “Improved Electrode Motion Artefact Denoising in ECG Using Convolutional Neural Networks and a Custom Loss Function,” IEEE Access 10 (2022): 54891–54898.
A. Mohebbi, A. R. Johansen, N. Hansen, et al., “Short Term Blood Glucose Prediction Based on Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data,” In 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC) (IEEE, 2020), 5140–5145.
J. Paul, “Real‐time Predictive Health Monitoring Using AI‐driven Wearable Sensors: Enhancing Early Detection and Personalized Interventions in Chronic Disease Management,” ResearchGate (2025).
S. Faham, S. Faham, and B. Sepehri, “Wearable Optical Sensors: toward Machine Learning‐Enabled Biomarker Monitoring,” Chemistry Africa 7, no. 8 (2024): 4175–4192.
Y. Amin, P. Cecere, and P. P. Pompa, “A Unified YOLOv8 Approach for Point‐of‐Care Diagnostics of Salivary α‐Amylase,” Biosensors 15, no. 7 (2025): 421.
H. Chenani, Z. Razaghi, M. Saeidi, et al., “A Stretchable, Adhesive, and Wearable Hydrogel‐based Patches Based on a Bilayer PVA Composite for Online Monitoring of Sweat by Artificial Intelligence‐assisted Smartphones,” Talanta 287 (2025): 127640.
C. Tian, S. Shin, Y. Cho, et al., “High Spatiotemporal Precision Mapping of Optical Nanosensor Array Using Machine Learning,” ACS Sensors 9, no. 10 (2024): 5489–5499.
Y. Amin, C. Gianoglio, and M. Valle, “Computationally Light Algorithms for Tactile Sensing Signals Elaboration and Classification,” In 2021 28th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits, and Systems (ICECS) (IEEE, 2021): 1–6.
Y. Amin, C. Gianoglio, and M. Valle, “Embedded Real‐time Objects′ hardness Classification for Robotic Grippers,” Future Generation Computer Systems 148 (2023): 211–224.
S. Heydari and Q. H. Mahmoud, “Tiny Machine Learning and on‐device Inference: a Survey of Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions,” Sensors 25, no. 10 (2025): 3191.
Y. Amin, C. Gianoglio, and M. Valle, “Towards a Trade‐off between Accuracy and Computational Cost for Embedded Systems: a Tactile Sensing System for Object Classification,” In International Conference on System‐Integrated Intelligence (Springer International Publishing 2022): 148–159.
T. Zhao, Y. Xie, Y. Wang, et al., “A Survey of Deep Learning on Mobile Devices: Applications, Optimizations, Challenges, and Research Opportunities,” Proceedings of the IEEE 110, no. 3 (2022): 334–354.
D. Ngo, H. C. Park, and B. Kang, “Edge Intelligence: a Review of Deep Neural Network Inference in Resource‐Limited Environments,” Electronics 14, no. 12 (2025): 2495.
J. Dai, “Real‐time and Accurate Object Detection on Edge Device with TensorFlow Lite,” Journal of physics: conference series 1651, no. 1 (2020): 012114.
M. Soni, “Energy‐Efficient Deep Learning Architectures for IoT Devices,” International Journal of Advanced Research and Multidisciplinary Trends (IJARMT) 2, no. 2 (2025): 865–882.
X. Guo and Y. Chen, “Generative ai for Synthetic Data Generation: Methods, Challenges and the Future,” arXiv preprint (2024).
H. P. Das, R. Tran, J. Singh, et al., “Conditional Synthetic Data Generation for Robust Machine Learning Applications with Limited Pandemic Data,” Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 11 (2022): 11792–11800.
X. Xiao, J. Yin, J. Xu, et al., “Advances in Machine Learning for Wearable Sensors,” ACS Nano 18, no. 34 (2024): 22734–22751.
D. J. Wilson, F. J. Martín‐Martínez, and L. F. Deravi, “Wearable Light Sensors Based on Unique Features of a Natural Biochrome,” ACS Sensors 7, no. 2 (2022): 523–533.
Z. Zhou, T. Shu, Y. Sun, et al., “Luminescent Wearable Biosensors Based on Gold Nanocluster Networks for “Turn‐on” Detection of Uric Acid, Glucose and Alcohol in Sweat,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 192 (2021): 113530.
X. Li, L. Chen, S. Yuan, et al., “Stretchable Luminescent Perovskite‐polymer Hydrogels for Visual‐digital Wearable Strain Sensor Textiles,” Advanced Fiber Materials 5, no. 5 (2023): 1671–1684.
M. Gao, J. Li, S. Zhao, et al., “Multi‐stimuli‐responsive Conductive and Luminescent Hydrogels for Wearable Sensors and Information Encryption Transmission,” Chemical Engineering Journal 496 (2024): 153881.
Z. Zhang, M. Azizi, M. Lee, et al., “A Versatile, Cost‐effective, and Flexible Wearable Biosensor for in Situ and Ex Situ Sweat Analysis, and Personalized Nutrition Assessment,” Lab on a Chip 19, no. 20 (2019): 3448–3460.
S. Xiong, C. Wang, C. Zhu, et al., “Dual Detection of Urea and Glucose in Sweat Using a Portable Microfluidic SERS Sensor with Silver Nano‐tripods and 1D‐CNN Model Analysis,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 16, no. 48 (2024): 65918–65926.
C. Xing, M. Luo, Q. Sheng, et al., “Silk Fabric Functionalized by Nanosilver Enabling the Wearable Sensing for Biomechanics and Biomolecules,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 16, no. 38 (2024): 51669–51678.
R. Gravina, P. Alinia, H. Ghasemzadeh, et al., “Multi‐sensor Fusion in Body Sensor Networks: State‐of‐the‐art and Research Challenges,” Information Fusion 35 (2017): 68–80.
M. Prosa, M. Bolognesi, L. Fornasari, et al., “Nanostructured Organic/Hybrid Materials and Components in Miniaturized Optical and Chemical Sensors,” Nanomaterials 10, no. 3 (2020): 480.
T. Li, X. Chen, Y. Fu, et al., “Colorimetric Sweat Analysis Using Wearable Hydrogel Patch Sensors for Detection of Chloride and Glucose,” Analytical Methods 15, no. 43 (2023): 5855–5866.
J. E. Yeo, J. H. Ko, S. H. Lee, et al., “Wearable Image‐Based Colorimetric Sensor for Real‐Time Gas Detection with High Chromaticit,” Advanced Electronic Materials (2025): 2400977.
B. Tasangtong, K. Sirichan, C. Hasoon, et al., “Fabrication of Biocompatible and Biodegradable Cloth‐based Sweat Sensors Using Polylactic Acid (PLA) via Stencil Transparent Film‐printing,” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 408 (2024): 135513.
R. H. Assaad, M. Mohammadi, and O. Poudel, “Developing an Intelligent IoT‐enabled Wearable Multimodal Biosensing Device and Cloud‐based Digital Dashboard for Real‐time and Comprehensive Health, Physiological, Emotional, and Cognitive Monitoring Using Multi‐sensor Fusion Technologies,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 381 (2025): 116074.
H. Bai, S. Li, J. Barreiros, et al., “Stretchable Distributed fiber‐optic Sensors,” Science 370, no. 6518 (2020): 848–852.
A. Pal, D. Goswami, H. E. Cuellar, et al., “Early Detection and Monitoring of Chronic Wounds Using Low‐cost, Omniphobic Paper‐based Smart Bandages,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 117 (2018): 696–705.
P. Hannes, L. Ratschbacher, and J. Gallego, et al., “Achievements and Perspectives of Optical fiber Fabry–Perot Cavities.” Applied Physics B 128, no. 2 (2022): 29.
A. J. S. Jansen, G. M. Peters, L. Kooij, et al., “Device Based Monitoring in Digital Care and Its Impact on Hospital Service Use,” npj Digital Medicine 8, no. 1 (2025): 16.
F. Haghayegh, A. Norouziazad, E. Haghani, et al., “Revolutionary Point‐of‐care Wearable Diagnostics for Early Disease Detection and Biomarker Discovery through Intelligent Technologies,” Advanced Science 11, no. 36 (2024): 2400595.
J. Zhao, S. Zhang, Y. Sun, et al., “Wearable Optical Sensing in the Medical Internet of Things (MIoT) for Pervasive Medicine: Opportunities and Challenges,” ACS Photonics 9, no. 8 (2022): 2579–2599.
W. Bai, J. Shin, R. Fu, et al., “Bioresorbable Photonic Devices for the Spectroscopic Characterization of Physiological Status and Neural Activity,” Nature Biomedical Engineering 3, no. 8 (2019): 644–654.
M. Cho, J. K. Han, J. Suh, et al., “Fully Bioresorbable Hybrid Opto‐electronic Neural Implant System for Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Optogenetic Stimulation,” Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024): 2000.
M. Dieudonné, “Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity: a Critical Review of Explanatory Hypotheses,” Environmental Health 19, no. 1 (2020): 48.
J. H. Hwang, T. W. Kang, J. H. Kwon, et al., “Effect of Electromagnetic Interference on human Body Communication,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 59, no. 1 (2016): 48–57.
W. Tang, Q. Sun, and Z. L. Wang, “Self‐powered Sensing in Wearable Electronics─ a Paradigm Shift Technology,” Chemical Reviews 123, no. 21 (2023): 12105–12134.
C. Xu, Y. Song, M. Han, et al., “Portable and Wearable Self‐powered Systems Based on Emerging Energy Harvesting Technology,” Microsystems & Nanoengineering 7, no. 1 (2021): 25.
W. Gao, “Self‐powered Wearable Biosensors,” In Energy Harvesting and Storage: Materials, Devices, and Applications XI, 11722, (SPIE, 2021): 117220O.
I. Ahmed, N. Jiang, X. Shao, et al., “Recent Advances in Optical Sensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring,” Sensors & Diagnostics 1, no. 6 (2022): 1098–1125.
A. Mariakakis, S. Chen, B. Nguyen, et al., “Project Calico: Wearable Chemical Sensors for Environmental Monitoring,” arXiv preprint (2020).
S. Lee, J. Kim, D. Kim, et al., “Wearable Volatile Organic Compound Sensors for Plant Health Monitoring,” Advanced Sustainable Systems 8, no. 9 (2024): 2300634.
A. A. Smith, R. Li, and Z. T. H. Tse, “Reshaping Healthcare with Wearable Biosensor,” Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023): 4998.
T. R. Ray, J. Choi, A. J. Bandodkar, et al., “Bio‐integrated Wearable Systems: a Comprehensive Revie,” Chemical reviews 119, no. 8 (2019): 5461–5533.
L. B. Baker, “Physiology of Sweat Gland Function: the Roles of Sweating and Sweat Composition in human Health,” Temperature 6, no. 3 (2019): 211–259.
Z. Sonner, E. Wilder, J. Heikenfeld, et al., “The Microfluidics of the Eccrine Sweat Gland, Including Biomarker Partitioning, Transport, and Biosensing Implication,” Biomicrofluidics 9, no. 3 (2015): 031301.
Y. Zhao, Z. Lin, S. Dong, et al., “Review of Wearable Optical fiber Sensors: Drawing a Blueprint for human Health Monitoring,” Optics & Laser Technology 161 (2023): 109227.
Z. Hong‐kun, Z. Yong, Z. Qiang, et al., “High Sensitivity Optical fiber Pressure Sensor Based on Thin‐walled Oval Cylinder,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 310 (2020): 112042.
A. H. Jalal, F. Alam, S. Roychoudhury, et al., “Prospects and Challenges of Volatile Organic Compound Sensors in human Healthcare,” ACS Sensors 3, no. 7 (2018): 1246–1263.
M. Mishra and P. K. Sahu, “Fiber Bragg Gratings in Healthcare Applications: a Review,” IETE Technical Review 40, no. 2 (2023): 202–219.
D. L. Presti, C. Massaroni, D. Formica, et al., “Smart Textile Based on 12 fiber Bragg Gratings Array for Vital Signs Monitoring,” IEEE Sensors Journal 17, no. 18 (2017): 6037–6043.
K. Takei, T. Takahashi, J. C. Ho, et al., “Nanowire Active‐matrix Circuitry for Low‐voltage Macroscale Artificial Skin,” Nature Materials 9, no. 10 (2010): 821–826.
Rosli et al., “Optical fiber Thermometer Based on fiber Bragg Gratings,” in Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 340 (2018): 012020.
X. Yue, R. Lu, Q. Yang, et al., “Flexible Wearable Optical Sensor Based on Optical Microfiber Bragg Grating,” Journal of Lightwave Technology 41, no. 6 (2022): 1858–1864.
D. H. Choi, A. Thaxton, I. cheol Jeong, et al., “Sweat Test for Cystic Fibrosis: Wearable Sweat Sensor vs. standard Laboratory Test,” Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 17, no. 4 (2018): e35–e38.
H. Lee, C. Song, Y. S. Hong, et al., “Wearable/Disposable Sweat‐based Glucose Monitoring Device with Multistage Transdermal Drug Delivery Module,” Science Advances 3, no. 3 (2017): 1601314.
N. Mishra, N. T. Garland, K. A. Hewett, et al., “A Soft Wearable Microfluidic Patch with Finger‐actuated Pumps and Valves for on‐demand, Longitudinal, and Multianalyte Sweat Sensing,” ACS Sensors 7, no. 10 (2022): 3169–3180.
C. Ye, M. Wang, J. Min, et al., “A Wearable Aptamer Nanobiosensor for Non‐invasive Female Hormone Monitorin,” Nature nanotechnology 19, no. 3 (2024): 330–337.
P. Gorai and R. Jha, “Artificial Receptor‐Based Optical Sensors (AROS): Ultra‐Sensitive Detection of Urea,” Advanced Photonics Research 2, no. 8 (2021): 2100044.
Y. Lei, Z. Gong, Y. Li, et al., “Highly Sensitive Physiological Sensor Based on Tapered fiber‐optic Interferometer for Sweat pH Detection,” IEEE Sensors Journal 23, no. 11 (2023): 11627–11634.
M. Elsherif, M. U. Hassan, A. K. Yetisen, et al., “Hydrogel Optical Fibers for Continuous Glucose Monitoring,” Biosensors and Bioelectronics 137 (2019): 25–32.
A. K. Yetisen, N. Jiang, A. Fallahi, et al., “Glucose‐sensitive Hydrogel Optical Fibers Functionalized with Phenylboronic Acid,” Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla) 29, no. 15 (2017): 1606380.
J. Chen, H. Wen, G. Zhang, et al., “Multifunctional Conductive Hydrogel/Thermochromic Elastomer Hybrid Fibers with a Core–Shell Segmental Configuration for Wearable Strain and Temperature Sensors,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12, no. 6 (2020): 7565–7574.
R. He, H. Liu, T. Fang, et al., “A Colorimetric Dermal Tattoo Biosensor Fabricated by Microneedle Patch for Multiplexed Detection of Health‐Related Biomarkers,” Advanced Science 8, no. 24 (2021): 2103030.
T. R. Ray, M. Ivanovic, P. M. Curtis, et al., “Soft, Skin‐interfaced Sweat Stickers for Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis and Management,” Science Translational Medicine 13, no. 587 (2021): abd8109.
P. Q. Nguyen, L. R. Soenksen, N. M. Donghia, et al., “Wearable Materials with Embedded Synthetic Biology Sensors for Biomolecule Detection,” Nature Biotechnology 39, no. 11 (2021): 1366–1374.
H. Liu, L. Yu, B. Zhao, et al., “Bio‐inspired Color‐changing and Self‐healing Hybrid Hydrogels for Wearable Sensors and Adaptive Camouflage,” Journal of Materials Chemistry C 11, no. 1 (2023): 285–298.
Y. J. Hong, H. Lee, J. Kim, et al., “Multifunctional Wearable System That Integrates Sweat‐based Sensing and Vital‐sign Monitoring to Estimate Pre‐/Post‐exercise Glucose Levels,” Advanced Functional Materials 28, no. 47 (2018): 1805754.
S. Nakata, T. Arie, S. Akita, et al., “Wearable, Flexible, and Multifunctional Healthcare Device with an ISFET Chemical Sensor for Simultaneous Sweat pH and Skin Temperature Monitoring,” ACS Sensors 2, no. 3 (2017): 443–448.
H. Chang, M. Zheng, X. Yu, et al., “A Swellable Microneedle Patch to Rapidly Extract Skin Interstitial Fluid for Timely Metabolic Analysis,” Advanced Materials 29, no. 37 (2017): 1702.
W. 1. Masimo (17 Nov 2023), https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm?ID=K232512&utm.
U.S. FDA 510(k) Premarket Notification—K240229: Masimo W1 (8 Aug 2024), https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpmn/pmn.cfm?ID=K240229&utm.
VivaLNK Wearable SpO2 Monitor—Regulatory Information (2023). Available at:, https://www.vivalink.com/wearable‐sp02‐monitor.
T. R. Ray, J. Choi, A. J. Bandodkar, et al., “Bio‐integrated Wearable Systems: a Comprehensive Review,” Chemical Reviews 119, no. 8 (2019): 5461–5533.
Growth Market Reports, “Wearable Pulse Oximeters Market Research Report 2033,” (2024), https://growthmarketreports.com/report/wearable‐pulse‐oximeters‐market.
R. Ghaffari, J. Choi, M. S. Raj, et al., “Soft Wearable Systems for Colorimetric and Electrochemical Analysis of Biofluids,” Advanced Functional Materials 30, no. 37 (2020): 1907269.
K. Takei, W. Gao, C. Wang, et al., “Physical and Chemical Sensing with Electronic Skin,” Proceedings of the IEEE 107, no. 10 (2019): 2155–2167.
W. Liu, H. Cheng, and X. Wang, “Skin‐interfaced Colorimetric Microfluidic Devices for on‐demand Sweat Analysis,” Npj Flexible Electronics 7, no. 1 (2023): 43.
M. Bariya, L. Li, R. Ghattamaneni, et al., “Glove‐based Sensors for Multimodal Monitoring of Natural Sweat,” Science Advances 6 (2020): abb8308.
L. B. Baker, M. S. Seib, K. A. Barnes, et al., “Skin‐Interfaced Microfluidic System with Machine Learning‐Enabled Image Processing of Sweat Biomarkers in Remote Settings,” Advanced Materials Technologies 7, no. 11 (2022): 2200249.
R. Ghaffari, A. J. Aranyosi, S. P. Lee, et al., “The Gx Sweat Patch for Personalized Hydration Management,” Nature Reviews Bioengineering 1, no. 1 (2023): 5–7.
V. Jain, M. Ochoa, H. Jiang, et al., “A Mass‐customizable Dermal Patch with Discrete Colorimetric Indicators for Personalized Sweat Rate Quantification,” Microsystems & Nanoengineering 5, no. 1 (2019): 29.
Z. Wei, Z. K. Zhou, Q. Li, et al., “Flexible Nanowire Cluster as a Wearable Colorimetric Humidity Sensor,” Small 13, no. 27 (2017): 1700109.
A. Vaquer, E. Barón, and R. de la Rica, “Detection of Low Glucose Levels in Sweat with Colorimetric Wearable Biosensors,” The Analyst 146, no. 10 (2021): 3273–3279.
A. Dodero, A. Escher, S. Bertucci, et al., “Intelligent Packaging for Real‐time Monitoring of Food‐quality: Current and Future Developments,” Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (2021): 3532.
R. V. Saini, P. Vaid, N. K. Saini, et al., “Recent Advancements in the Technologies Detecting Food Spoiling Agents,” Journal of Functional Biomaterials 12, no. 4 (2021): 67.
Greenwood, M. Sensors and Food Safety: Tracking Spoilage in Real‐Time, https://www.azosensors.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=2888 (2023).
F. Mustafa and S. Andreescu, “Paper‐Based Enzyme Biosensor for One‐Step Detection of Hypoxanthine in Fresh and Degraded Fish,” ACS Sensors 5, no. 12 (2020): 4092–4100.
K. Pounds, S. Jairam, H. Bao, et al., “Glycerol‐based Dendrimer Nanocomposite Film as a Tunable pH‐sensor for Food Packaging,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 19 (2021): 23268–23281.
L. H. Nguyen, F. Oveissi, R. Chandrawati, et al.,, “Naked‐eye Detection of Ethylene Using Thiol‐functionalized Polydiacetylene‐based Flexible Sensors,” ACS Sensors 5, no. 7 (2020): 1921–1928.
W. Liu, J. Chen, H. Ye, et al., “Multifunctional Sensors Made with Conductive Microframework and Biomass Hydrogel for Detecting Packaging Pressure and Food Freshness,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 16, no. 8 (2024): 10785–10794.
L. Chen, X. Tian, D. Xia, et al., “Novel Colorimetric Method for Simultaneous Detection and Identification of Multimetal Ions in Water: Sensitivity, Selectivity, and Recognition Mechanism,” ACS Omega 4, no. 3 (2019): 5915–5922.
M. Kumar, N. Kaur, and N. Singh, “Colorimetric Nanozyme Sensor Array Based on Metal Nanoparticle‐decorated CNTs for Quantification of Pesticides in Real Water and Soil Samples,” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 12, no. 2 (2024): 728–736.
M. Yang, X. Liu, Y. Luo, et al., “Machine Learning‐enabled Non‐destructive Paper Chromogenic Array Detection of Multiplexed Viable Pathogens on Food,” Nature Food 2, no. 2 (2021): 110–117.
G. S. Luka, E. Nowak, Q. R. Toyata, et al., “Portable on‐chip Colorimetric Biosensing Platform Integrated with a Smartphone for Label/PCR‐free Detection of Cryptosporidium RNA,” Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (2021): 23192.
P. Weerathunge, R. Ramanathan, V. A. Torok, et al., “Ultrasensitive Colorimetric Detection of Murine norovirus Using NanoZyme Aptasensor,” Analytical Chemistry 91, no. 5 (2019): 3270–3276.
N. Villarino, F. Pena‐Pereira, I. Lavilla, et al., “Waterproof Cellulose‐based Substrates for in‐drop Plasmonic Colorimetric Sensing of Volatiles: Application to Acid‐labile Sulfide Determination in Waters,” ACS Sensors 7, no. 3 (2022): 839–848.
Y. Zhiheng, M. Zhao, H. Lu, et al., “Eye‐readable and Wearable Colorimetric Sensor Arrays for in Situ Monitoring of Volatile Organic Compounds.” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 16, no. 15 (2024): 19359–19368.
Y. Li, F. Zhao, Z. Tang, et al., “High‐gain InAlGaAs Quaternary Quantum Wells for High‐power 760 Nm Two‐junction VCSELs,” IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 59, no. 5 (2023): 1–8.

Keywords: advanced nanomaterials; non‐invasive health diagnostics; photonic sensing mechanisms; real‐time health monitoring; skin‐compatible platforms; wearable optical sensors

Date Created: 20260105 Date Completed: 20260314 Latest Revision: 20260314

20260315

10.1002/adhm.202504419

41486722

MEDLINE