*Result*: Pattern recognition receptors and their roles in antiviral innate immunity in livestock.
Title:
Pattern recognition receptors and their roles in antiviral innate immunity in livestock.
Authors:
Liu S; Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China., Qi J; Research and Teaching Department of Comparative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China., Wang Y; Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China., Liu M; Research and Teaching Department of Comparative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China., Su M; Research and Teaching Department of Comparative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China., Wang L; Research and Teaching Department of Comparative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China., Li M; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China., Zhao Z; School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom., Chen J; Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
Source:
Frontiers in immunology [Front Immunol] 2026 Jan 28; Vol. 16, pp. 1746193. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jan 28 (Print Publication: 2025).
Publication Type:
Journal Article; Review
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation] Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101560960 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1664-3224 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16643224 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Immunol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Original Publication: [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation]
MeSH Terms:
References:
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Viruses. 2022 Jul 02;14(7):. (PMID: 35891444)
Virology. 2018 Jul;520:75-82. (PMID: 29793076)
Vaccines (Basel). 2025 Feb 16;13(2):. (PMID: 40006739)
Nat Rev Immunol. 2014 Jan;14(1):36-49. (PMID: 24362405)
Nat Immunol. 2002 Feb;3(2):196-200. (PMID: 11812998)
Front Immunol. 2019 Jul 17;10:1586. (PMID: 31379819)
J Immunol. 2021 Apr 15;206(8):1844-1857. (PMID: 33712518)
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Cell Mol Immunol. 2021 Mar;18(3):539-555. (PMID: 33462384)
Front Immunol. 2024 Feb 15;15:1352479. (PMID: 38426093)
J Virol. 2022 Sep 28;96(18):e0077622. (PMID: 36069546)
Genes (Basel). 2020 Mar 13;11(3):. (PMID: 32183248)
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Front Microbiol. 2022 Jan 31;12:790191. (PMID: 35173691)
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024 Aug 15;14:1428447. (PMID: 39211800)
Viruses. 2011 Jun;3(6):920-40. (PMID: 21994762)
Vet Sci. 2019 Mar 11;6(1):. (PMID: 30862035)
mSystems. 2021 Jun 29;6(3):101128msystems0033621. (PMID: 34184910)
Animals (Basel). 2022 May 27;12(11):. (PMID: 35681845)
Nat Ecol Evol. 2023 Feb;7(2):182-193. (PMID: 36635343)
Immunol Rev. 2007 Dec;220:251-69. (PMID: 17979852)
PLoS One. 2015 Jul 17;10(7):e0133450. (PMID: 26186542)
J Hematol Oncol. 2023 Feb 8;16(1):8. (PMID: 36755342)
Virology. 2010 Nov 25;407(2):268-80. (PMID: 20850164)
Curr Opin Virol. 2015 Jun;12:1-6. (PMID: 25638592)
Animals (Basel). 2024 Oct 24;14(21):. (PMID: 39518785)
Virol J. 2016 Jun 14;13:101. (PMID: 27296632)
Pathogens. 2024 Nov 02;13(11):. (PMID: 39599510)
Anim Biotechnol. 2015;26(2):130-5. (PMID: 25380465)
Pathogens. 2024 Jul 03;13(7):. (PMID: 39057788)
Anim Genet. 2022 Oct;53(5):640-656. (PMID: 35739459)
Sci Rep. 2022 Nov 14;12(1):19443. (PMID: 36376395)
Front Immunol. 2021 May 18;12:609543. (PMID: 34093517)
Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:513-45. (PMID: 24555472)
Dev Comp Immunol. 2013 Nov;41(3):447-53. (PMID: 23623955)
Front Microbiol. 2021 Jun 23;12:693799. (PMID: 34512570)
BMC Genomics. 2015 Apr 17;16:307. (PMID: 25888367)
Immunity. 2024 Apr 9;57(4):649-673. (PMID: 38599164)
PLoS One. 2022 Jul 19;17(7):e0271746. (PMID: 35853030)
Front Microbiol. 2021 Dec 15;12:804264. (PMID: 34975824)
Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(1):12-9. (PMID: 15642149)
Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2019 Jun;212:27-37. (PMID: 31213249)
Virus Res. 2020 Sep;286:198061. (PMID: 32561378)
Vet Microbiol. 2017 Sep;209:57-65. (PMID: 28069291)
Front Microbiol. 2021 Jun 11;12:677634. (PMID: 34177861)
Front Vet Sci. 2019 Feb 20;6:38. (PMID: 30842948)
Biology (Basel). 2023 May 27;12(6):. (PMID: 37372061)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2025 Jan 14;122(2):e2418988122. (PMID: 39786929)
Front Immunol. 2023 Jan 17;14:1101335. (PMID: 36733488)
Dev Comp Immunol. 2014 Aug;45(2):321-43. (PMID: 24709051)
J Virol. 2018 May 29;92(12):. (PMID: 29618647)
Front Vet Sci. 2024 Sep 17;11:1428713. (PMID: 39355141)
Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Dec 13;22(24):. (PMID: 34948194)
Front Immunol. 2022 Nov 25;13:1065211. (PMID: 36505476)
Zool Res. 2023 Jan 18;44(1):183-218. (PMID: 36579404)
Front Microbiol. 2016 Jun 02;7:771. (PMID: 27458429)
Curr Opin Microbiol. 2016 Aug;32:113-119. (PMID: 27288760)
Front Immunol. 2022 Oct 13;13:1021384. (PMID: 36311807)
J Virol. 2013 May;87(9):5219-28. (PMID: 23449802)
Front Microbiol. 2023 Mar 17;14:1140449. (PMID: 37007469)
Front Immunol. 2018 Nov 13;9:2542. (PMID: 30483250)
PLoS One. 2016 Feb 10;11(2):e0148984. (PMID: 26862758)
Vaccines (Basel). 2024 Nov 13;12(11):. (PMID: 39591181)
Science. 2015 Mar 13;347(6227):aaa2630. (PMID: 25636800)
PLoS One. 2019 Nov 14;14(11):e0223955. (PMID: 31725732)
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Apr 01;20(7):. (PMID: 30939763)
J Virol. 2012 Jan;86(2):705-17. (PMID: 22072756)
PLoS One. 2016 Feb 09;11(2):e0148560. (PMID: 26859759)
Vaccines (Basel). 2024 Apr 11;12(4):. (PMID: 38675789)
Annu Rev Immunol. 2018 Apr 26;36:667-694. (PMID: 29677479)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 30;107(13):5913-8. (PMID: 20308570)
Vet Sci. 2019 Jan 10;6(1):. (PMID: 30634569)
Virol J. 2016 Mar 15;13:41. (PMID: 26975566)
Dev Comp Immunol. 2013 Nov;41(3):316-23. (PMID: 23628643)
Vet Sci. 2020 Jan 27;7(1):. (PMID: 32012730)
J Virol. 2022 Dec 21;96(24):e0157822. (PMID: 36448809)
J Vet Med Sci. 2022 Jan 13;84(1):102-113. (PMID: 34803084)
Nat Immunol. 2010 May;11(5):373-84. (PMID: 20404851)
Br Poult Sci. 2021 Oct;62(5):666-671. (PMID: 33843365)
Nature. 2001 Oct 18;413(6857):732-8. (PMID: 11607032)
Virol J. 2025 Jun 11;22(1):191. (PMID: 40500743)
Front Vet Sci. 2023 Aug 31;10:1239926. (PMID: 37720481)
Animals (Basel). 2023 Aug 09;13(16):. (PMID: 37627364)
Front Microbiol. 2021 Aug 26;12:722952. (PMID: 34512601)
J Virol. 2019 Oct 29;93(22):. (PMID: 31462568)
Dev Comp Immunol. 2021 Jun;119:104026. (PMID: 33497733)
J Biol Chem. 2023 Jul;299(7):104866. (PMID: 37247757)
Front Immunol. 2021 Sep 23;12:742074. (PMID: 34630423)
J Virol. 2019 May 29;93(12):. (PMID: 30918080)
Immunity. 2024 Apr 9;57(4):718-730. (PMID: 38599167)
Vet Microbiol. 2023 Sep;284:109798. (PMID: 37307767)
EMBO J. 1994 Feb 1;13(3):704-12. (PMID: 8313914)
Vet Res. 2014 Jun 18;45:66. (PMID: 24939427)
Mol Med Rep. 2018 May;17(5):7122-7130. (PMID: 29568891)
Int J Biol Macromol. 2021 Apr 30;177:10-18. (PMID: 33548323)
Front Immunol. 2023 Aug 24;14:1258778. (PMID: 37691924)
Nat Commun. 2019 Jul 2;10(1):2921. (PMID: 31266943)
Front Microbiol. 2017 Dec 19;8:2558. (PMID: 29312239)
Nat Rev Nephrol. 2022 Sep;18(9):558-572. (PMID: 35732833)
Front Immunol. 2021 Sep 29;12:730684. (PMID: 34659217)
Front Immunol. 2017 Jan 31;8:49. (PMID: 28197148)
J Virol. 2010 Feb;84(3):1574-84. (PMID: 19923190)
Viruses. 2022 Jul 02;14(7):. (PMID: 35891444)
Virology. 2018 Jul;520:75-82. (PMID: 29793076)
Vaccines (Basel). 2025 Feb 16;13(2):. (PMID: 40006739)
Nat Rev Immunol. 2014 Jan;14(1):36-49. (PMID: 24362405)
Nat Immunol. 2002 Feb;3(2):196-200. (PMID: 11812998)
Front Immunol. 2019 Jul 17;10:1586. (PMID: 31379819)
J Immunol. 2021 Apr 15;206(8):1844-1857. (PMID: 33712518)
Virulence. 2024 Dec;15(1):2343931. (PMID: 38632687)
Cell Mol Immunol. 2021 Mar;18(3):539-555. (PMID: 33462384)
Front Immunol. 2024 Feb 15;15:1352479. (PMID: 38426093)
J Virol. 2022 Sep 28;96(18):e0077622. (PMID: 36069546)
Genes (Basel). 2020 Mar 13;11(3):. (PMID: 32183248)
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2009 Dec;1(6):a001651. (PMID: 20457564)
Front Microbiol. 2022 Jan 31;12:790191. (PMID: 35173691)
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024 Aug 15;14:1428447. (PMID: 39211800)
Viruses. 2011 Jun;3(6):920-40. (PMID: 21994762)
Vet Sci. 2019 Mar 11;6(1):. (PMID: 30862035)
mSystems. 2021 Jun 29;6(3):101128msystems0033621. (PMID: 34184910)
Animals (Basel). 2022 May 27;12(11):. (PMID: 35681845)
Nat Ecol Evol. 2023 Feb;7(2):182-193. (PMID: 36635343)
Immunol Rev. 2007 Dec;220:251-69. (PMID: 17979852)
PLoS One. 2015 Jul 17;10(7):e0133450. (PMID: 26186542)
J Hematol Oncol. 2023 Feb 8;16(1):8. (PMID: 36755342)
Virology. 2010 Nov 25;407(2):268-80. (PMID: 20850164)
Curr Opin Virol. 2015 Jun;12:1-6. (PMID: 25638592)
Animals (Basel). 2024 Oct 24;14(21):. (PMID: 39518785)
Virol J. 2016 Jun 14;13:101. (PMID: 27296632)
Pathogens. 2024 Nov 02;13(11):. (PMID: 39599510)
Anim Biotechnol. 2015;26(2):130-5. (PMID: 25380465)
Pathogens. 2024 Jul 03;13(7):. (PMID: 39057788)
Anim Genet. 2022 Oct;53(5):640-656. (PMID: 35739459)
Sci Rep. 2022 Nov 14;12(1):19443. (PMID: 36376395)
Front Immunol. 2021 May 18;12:609543. (PMID: 34093517)
Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:513-45. (PMID: 24555472)
Dev Comp Immunol. 2013 Nov;41(3):447-53. (PMID: 23623955)
Front Microbiol. 2021 Jun 23;12:693799. (PMID: 34512570)
BMC Genomics. 2015 Apr 17;16:307. (PMID: 25888367)
Immunity. 2024 Apr 9;57(4):649-673. (PMID: 38599164)
PLoS One. 2022 Jul 19;17(7):e0271746. (PMID: 35853030)
Front Microbiol. 2021 Dec 15;12:804264. (PMID: 34975824)
Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(1):12-9. (PMID: 15642149)
Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: PRRs; RLRs; TLRs; antiviral immunity; cGAS-STING pathway
Substance Nomenclature:
0 (Receptors, Pattern Recognition)
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20260213 Date Completed: 20260213 Latest Revision: 20260215
Update Code:
20260215
PubMed Central ID:
PMC12891095
DOI:
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1746193
PMID:
41684539
Database:
MEDLINE
*Further Information*
*Viral infectious diseases pose a persistent challenge to global livestock production, animal welfare, and food security, emphasizing the critical role of early host defense mechanisms in limiting viral replication and transmission. As frontline sensors of infection, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detect viral nucleic acids and trigger antiviral innate immune responses via coordinated downstream signaling. This review summarizes the functions of three major PRR families, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway, emphasizing their involvement in detecting viral agents and activating downstream pathways, including NF-κB and IRF3/7. Particular attention is given to how these receptors function in pigs and poultry, highlighting their immune responses to economically significant viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), African swine fever virus (ASFV), avian influenza virus (AIV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The mechanisms by which PRRs activate interferon-mediated immune responses, as well as viral strategies to evade detection, are systematically discussed. Additionally, the review explores recent advances in understanding PRR signaling specificity across species, and their potential applications in vaccine adjuvant design or antiviral drug development are also reviewed. By integrating these insights, this work provides a theoretical foundation for improving disease prevention and control in livestock production.
(Copyright © 2026 Liu, Qi, Wang, Liu, Su, Wang, Li, Zhao and Chen.)*
*The authors declared that this work was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.*