*Result*: Questionnaire of Approach and Avoidance Motivation (QAAM): Development and Validation.

Title:
Questionnaire of Approach and Avoidance Motivation (QAAM): Development and Validation.
Authors:
Krupić D; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia., Krupić D; Centre for Psychological Counselling and Research Norvel, Croatia., Corr PJ; City St George's, University London, London, UK.
Source:
Journal of personality assessment [J Pers Assess] 2026 Mar-Apr; Vol. 108 (2), pp. 208-220. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Aug 26.
Publication Type:
Journal Article; Validation Study
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Informa Healthcare Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 1260201 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1532-7752 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00223891 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Pers Assess Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Publication: London : Informa Healthcare
Original Publication: [Burbank, Calif.] Society for Personality Assessment.
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20260224 Date Completed: 20260225 Latest Revision: 20260225
Update Code:
20260226
DOI:
10.1080/00223891.2025.2543002
PMID:
41733584
Database:
MEDLINE

*Further Information*

*This paper presents five studies conducted on 3,644 participants to examine a questionnaire assessing stable individual differences in approach and avoidance motivation. In Study 1, we developed a gender-invariant measure of a multidimensional model of approach and avoidance motivation. In Study 2, we confirmed the factor structure and gender-invariant solution of the instrument and established its relationship with the Big Five Inventory 2 (BFI-2). In Study 3, we provided evidence of the convergent and divergent validity of the new questionnaire by comparing it with several established measures of approach and avoidance motivation. In Study 4, we demonstrated the incremental validity of the QAAM Anxiety scale over BFI Neuroticism and the Behavioral Inhibition System scale from the BIS/BAS Scales in predicting stress-related psychophysiological responses. In Study 5, the questionnaire was shown to be useful in predicting behavioral outcomes in an overearning experimental paradigm. Overall, the new instrument possesses adequate psychometric properties. With its theoretical framework based on a multidimensional model of approach and avoidance motivation, it has the potential to facilitate more experimental studies on the underlying processes of personality traits.*