*Result*: Integration of Child Abuse-Neglect in the Pediatric Dental Trauma Curriculum: A Mixed-Method Observational Cohort Study.
Title:
Integration of Child Abuse-Neglect in the Pediatric Dental Trauma Curriculum: A Mixed-Method Observational Cohort Study.
Authors:
Puranik CP; Pediatric Dentistry, Children's Hospital Colorado and School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA., Katebzadeh S; Pediatric Dentistry, Children's Hospital Colorado and School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA., Bothwell S; Department of Pediatrics and Center for Research in Outcomes for Children's Surgery (ROCS), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA., de Peralta T; Academic Affairs and Innovation, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
Source:
Dental traumatology : official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology [Dent Traumatol] 2026 Feb; Vol. 42 (1), pp. 24-31. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jun 27.
Publication Type:
Journal Article; Observational Study
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Munksgaard Country of Publication: Denmark NLM ID: 101091305 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1600-9657 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16004469 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dent Traumatol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Original Publication: Copenhagen : Munksgaard, c2001-
MeSH Terms:
References:
Division (DCD), “What is Child Abuse or Neglect? What is the Definition of Child Abuse and Neglect?” https://www.hhs.gov/answers/programs‐for‐families‐and‐children/what‐is‐child‐abuse/index.html.
“Child Maltreatment,” accessed January 5, 2025, https://www.who.int/news‐room/fact‐sheets/detail/child‐maltreatment.
C. Kelly, C. Street, and M. E. S. Building, “Child Maltreatment 2022,” 2022.
N. Markovic, A. A. Muratbegovic, S. Kobaslija, et al., “Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Child Abuse and Neglect,” Materia Socio‐Medica 27 (2015): 372–375.
C. Duman, O. B. al‐Batayneh, S. Ahmad, et al., “Self‐Reported Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of Final‐Year Dental Students in Relation to Child Abuse: A Multi‐Centre Study,” International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 31 (2021): 801–809.
M. Costacurta, D. Benavoli, G. Arcudi, and R. Docimo, “Oral and Dental Signs of Child Abuse and Neglect,” ORAL & Implantology 8 (2015): 68–73.
S. A. Fisher‐Owens, J. L. Lukefahr, and A. R. Tate, “Oral and Dental Aspects of Child Abuse and Neglect,” 2024.
N. Kellogg, “& American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Oral and Dental Aspects of Child Abuse and Neglect,” Pediatrics 116 (2005): 1565–1568.
S. A. Jessee, “Orofacial Manifestations of Child Abuse and Neglect,” American Family Physician 52 (1995): 1829–1834.
S. A. Jessee, “Physical Manifestations of Child Abuse to the Head, Face and Mouth: A Hospital Survey,” ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 62 (1995): 245–249.
R. Girardet, K. Bolton, S. Lahoti, et al., “Collection of Forensic Evidence From Pediatric Victims of Sexual Assault,” Pediatrics 128 (2011): 233–238.
M. Mustafa, “Awareness About Management of Tooth Avulsion Among General Dental Practitioners: A Questionnaire Based Study,” Journal of Orthodontics & Endodontics 3 (2017): 1–6.
S. A. Fisher‐Owens, J. L. Lukefahr, A. R. Tate, et al., “Oral and Dental Aspects of Child Abuse and Neglect,” Pediatrics 140 (2017): e20171487.
L. Levin and C. Bhatti, “The Role of Dental Professionals in Identifying, Reporting, and Supporting Domestic Violence Victims,” Dental Traumatology 40, no. Suppl 2 (2024): 3–9.
E. N. Azadani, D. J. McTigue, J. Peng, and P. S. Casamassimo, “Associations Between Child Abuse and Neglect, and Dento‐Alveolar Injuries in a Children's Hospital Population,” Dental Traumatology 40 (2024): 53–60.
I. Maimon‐Blau, “Medicolegal Aspects of Domestic Violence Against Children,” Dental Traumatology 40 (2024): 18–22.
C. S. Ivanoff and T. L. Hottel, “Comprehensive Training in Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect for Dental Students: A Hybrid Curriculum,” Journal of Dental Education 77 (2013): 695–705.
R. Hashim and A. Al‐Ani, “Child Physical Abuse: Assessment of Dental Students' Attitudes and Knowledge in United Arab Emirates,” European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 14 (2013): 301–305.
F. S. Orhon, B. Ulukol, B. Bingoler, and S. B. Gulnar, “Attitudes of Turkish Parents, Pediatric Residents, and Medical Students Toward Child Disciplinary Practices,” Child Abuse & Neglect 30 (2006): 1081–1092.
F. Ramos‐Gomez, D. Rothman, and S. Blain, “Knowledge and Attitudes Among California Dental Care Providers Regarding Child Abuse and Neglect,” Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) 129 (1998): 340–348.
A. M. Sulimany, A. Alsamhan, A. A. Alawwad, et al., “Knowledge Levels and Educational Experiences Among Dental Graduates in Saudi Arabia Regarding Child Abuse and Neglect: A National Study,” Children (Basel) 8 (2021): 724.
S. Manea, G. Favero, E. Stellini, L. Romoli, M. Mazzucato, and P. Facchin, “Dentists' Perceptions, Attitudes, Knowledge, and Experience About Child Abuse and Neglect in Northeast Italy,” Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 32 (2007): 19–25.
H. S. Barrows, “Problem‐Based, Self‐Directed Learning,” JAMA 250 (1983): 3077–3080.
S. H. Bassir, P. Sadr‐Eshkevari, S. Amirikhorheh, and N. Y. Karimbux, “Problem‐Based Learning in Dental Education: A Systematic Review of the Literature,” Journal of Dental Education 78 (2014): 98–109.
L. T. Car, B. M. Kyaw, G. Dunleavy, et al., “Digital Problem‐Based Learning in Health Professions: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis by the Digital Health Education Collaboration,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 21 (2019): e12945.
C. K. Y. Yiu, C. McGrath, S. Bridges, et al., “Self‐Perceived Preparedness for Dental Practice Amongst Graduates of the University of Hong Kong's Integrated PBL Dental Curriculum,” European Journal of Dental Education 16 (2012): e96–e105.
C. K. Y. Yiu, C. McGrath, S. Bridges, et al., “Graduates' Perceived Preparedness for Dental Practice From PBL and Traditional Curricula,” Journal of Dental Education 75 (2011): 1270–1279.
C. P. Puranik, K. Pickett, J. Randhawa, and T. de Peralta, “Perception and Outcomes After Implementation of Problem‐Based Learning in Predoctoral Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Education,” Journal of Dental Education 86 (2022): 169–177.
C. P. Puranik, K. Pickett, and T. de Peralta, “Evaluation of Problem‐Based Learning in Dental Trauma Education: An Observational Cohort Study,” Dental Traumatology 39 (2023): 625–636.
E. von Elm, D. G. Altman, M. Egger, S. J. Pocock, P. C. Gøtzsche, and J. P. Vandenbroucke, “The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies,” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 61 (2008): 344–349.
R. M. Harden, M. Stevenson, W. W. Downie, and G. M. Wilson, “Assessment of Clinical Competence Using Objective Structured Examination,” British Medical Journal 1 (1975): 447–451.
A. Kajamaa, K. Mattick, and A. de la Croix, “How to … Do Mixed‐Methods Research,” Clinical Teacher 17 (2020): 267–271.
P. Saraswati and A. Devi, “Mixed Methods‐Research Methodology an Overview,” Mathews Journal of Nursing and Health Care 5 (2023): 1–3.
S. P. Wasti, P. Simkhada, E. R. van Teijlingen, B. Sathian, and I. Banerjee, “The Growing Importance of Mixed‐Methods Research in Health,” Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 12 (2022): 1175–1178.
R. Näpänkangas, V. Harila, and S. Lahti, “Experiences in Adding Multiple‐Choice Questions to an Objective Structural Clinical Examination (OSCE) in Undergraduate Dental Education,” European Journal of Dental Education 16 (2012): e146–e150.
A. Garrocho‐Rangel, R. Márquez‐Preciado, A.‐I. Olguín‐Vivar, S. Ruiz‐Rodríguez, and A. Pozos‐Guillén, “Dentist Attitudes and Responsibilities Concerning Child Sexual Abuse. A Review and a Case Report,” Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry 7 (2015): e428–e434.
M. H. Al‐Qahtani, H. H. Almanamin, A. M. Alasiri, et al., “Child Abuse and Neglect Awareness Among Medical Students,” Children (Basel) 9 (2022): 885.
F. Lupariello, F. Capello, V. Grossi, C. Bonci, and G. Di Vella, “Child Abuse and Neglect: Are Future Medical Doctors Prepared?,” Legal Medicine 58 (2022): 102100.
G. Tiyyagura, M. Gawel, J. R. Koziel, A. Asnes, and K. Bechtel, “Barriers and Facilitators to Detecting Child Abuse and Neglect in General Emergency Departments,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 66 (2015): 447–454.
L.‐M. Meyer, T. Lehmann, and I. M. Schüler, “Child Abuse and Neglect: A Comparative Study Between Dental and Medical Students' Competencies in Germany,” European Journal of Dental Education 28 (2024): 302–312.
W. G. Lane and R. R. Seltzer, “How Should Clinicians and Health Care Organizations Promote Equity in Child Abuse and Neglect Suspicion, Evaluation, and Reporting?,” AMA Journal of Ethics 25 (2023): 133–140.
H. M. Ali Khan, N. Mansoori, M. H. Sohail, M. A. Humayun, A. Liaquat, and S. M. Mubeen, “Child Physical Abuse: Awareness and Practices of Medical and Dental Doctors in Pakistan,” Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 71 (2021): 1704–1708.
“Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS‐4): Report to Congress,” 2018, https://acf.gov/opre/report/fourth‐national‐incidence‐study‐child‐abuse‐and‐neglect‐nis‐4‐report‐congress.
M. Glick, “Measurements, Decision Makers, and Informed Clinical Judgment,” Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) 150 (2019): 325–326.
T. A. Marshall, L. Marchini, H. Cowen, et al., “Critical Thinking Theory to Practice: Using the Expert's Thought Process as Guide for Learning and Assessment,” Journal of Dental Education 81 (2017): 978–985.
D. C. Johnsen, J. N. Williams, P. G. Baughman, D. M. Roesch, and C. A. Feldman, “New Dental Accreditation Standard on Critical Thinking: A Call for Learning Models, Outcomes, Assessments,” Journal of Dental Education 79 (2015): 1137–1139.
J. Palan, V. Roberts, B. Bloch, A. Kulkarni, B. Bhowal, and J. Dias, “The Use of a Virtual Learning Environment in Promoting Virtual Journal Clubs and Case‐Based Discussions in Trauma and Orthopaedic Postgraduate Medical Education: The Leicester Experience,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume (London) 94 (2012): 1170–1175.
D. Hill, P. Stalley, D. Pennington, M. Besser, and W. McCarthy, “Competency‐Based Learning in Traumatology,” American Journal of Surgery 173 (1997): 136–140.
O. Courteille, M. Fahlstedt, J. Ho, et al., “Learning Through a Virtual Patient vs. Recorded Lecture: A Comparison of Knowledge Retention in a Trauma Case,” International Journal of Medical Education 9 (2018): 86–92.
M. Chian, S. Bridges, and E. Lo, “The Triple Jump in Problem‐Based Learning: Unpacking Principles and Practices in Designing Assessment for Curriculum Alignment,” Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem‐Based Learning 13 (2019): 1–13.
“Child Maltreatment,” accessed January 5, 2025, https://www.who.int/news‐room/fact‐sheets/detail/child‐maltreatment.
C. Kelly, C. Street, and M. E. S. Building, “Child Maltreatment 2022,” 2022.
N. Markovic, A. A. Muratbegovic, S. Kobaslija, et al., “Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Child Abuse and Neglect,” Materia Socio‐Medica 27 (2015): 372–375.
C. Duman, O. B. al‐Batayneh, S. Ahmad, et al., “Self‐Reported Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of Final‐Year Dental Students in Relation to Child Abuse: A Multi‐Centre Study,” International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 31 (2021): 801–809.
M. Costacurta, D. Benavoli, G. Arcudi, and R. Docimo, “Oral and Dental Signs of Child Abuse and Neglect,” ORAL & Implantology 8 (2015): 68–73.
S. A. Fisher‐Owens, J. L. Lukefahr, and A. R. Tate, “Oral and Dental Aspects of Child Abuse and Neglect,” 2024.
N. Kellogg, “& American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Oral and Dental Aspects of Child Abuse and Neglect,” Pediatrics 116 (2005): 1565–1568.
S. A. Jessee, “Orofacial Manifestations of Child Abuse and Neglect,” American Family Physician 52 (1995): 1829–1834.
S. A. Jessee, “Physical Manifestations of Child Abuse to the Head, Face and Mouth: A Hospital Survey,” ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children 62 (1995): 245–249.
R. Girardet, K. Bolton, S. Lahoti, et al., “Collection of Forensic Evidence From Pediatric Victims of Sexual Assault,” Pediatrics 128 (2011): 233–238.
M. Mustafa, “Awareness About Management of Tooth Avulsion Among General Dental Practitioners: A Questionnaire Based Study,” Journal of Orthodontics & Endodontics 3 (2017): 1–6.
S. A. Fisher‐Owens, J. L. Lukefahr, A. R. Tate, et al., “Oral and Dental Aspects of Child Abuse and Neglect,” Pediatrics 140 (2017): e20171487.
L. Levin and C. Bhatti, “The Role of Dental Professionals in Identifying, Reporting, and Supporting Domestic Violence Victims,” Dental Traumatology 40, no. Suppl 2 (2024): 3–9.
E. N. Azadani, D. J. McTigue, J. Peng, and P. S. Casamassimo, “Associations Between Child Abuse and Neglect, and Dento‐Alveolar Injuries in a Children's Hospital Population,” Dental Traumatology 40 (2024): 53–60.
I. Maimon‐Blau, “Medicolegal Aspects of Domestic Violence Against Children,” Dental Traumatology 40 (2024): 18–22.
C. S. Ivanoff and T. L. Hottel, “Comprehensive Training in Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect for Dental Students: A Hybrid Curriculum,” Journal of Dental Education 77 (2013): 695–705.
R. Hashim and A. Al‐Ani, “Child Physical Abuse: Assessment of Dental Students' Attitudes and Knowledge in United Arab Emirates,” European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 14 (2013): 301–305.
F. S. Orhon, B. Ulukol, B. Bingoler, and S. B. Gulnar, “Attitudes of Turkish Parents, Pediatric Residents, and Medical Students Toward Child Disciplinary Practices,” Child Abuse & Neglect 30 (2006): 1081–1092.
F. Ramos‐Gomez, D. Rothman, and S. Blain, “Knowledge and Attitudes Among California Dental Care Providers Regarding Child Abuse and Neglect,” Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) 129 (1998): 340–348.
A. M. Sulimany, A. Alsamhan, A. A. Alawwad, et al., “Knowledge Levels and Educational Experiences Among Dental Graduates in Saudi Arabia Regarding Child Abuse and Neglect: A National Study,” Children (Basel) 8 (2021): 724.
S. Manea, G. Favero, E. Stellini, L. Romoli, M. Mazzucato, and P. Facchin, “Dentists' Perceptions, Attitudes, Knowledge, and Experience About Child Abuse and Neglect in Northeast Italy,” Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 32 (2007): 19–25.
H. S. Barrows, “Problem‐Based, Self‐Directed Learning,” JAMA 250 (1983): 3077–3080.
S. H. Bassir, P. Sadr‐Eshkevari, S. Amirikhorheh, and N. Y. Karimbux, “Problem‐Based Learning in Dental Education: A Systematic Review of the Literature,” Journal of Dental Education 78 (2014): 98–109.
L. T. Car, B. M. Kyaw, G. Dunleavy, et al., “Digital Problem‐Based Learning in Health Professions: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis by the Digital Health Education Collaboration,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 21 (2019): e12945.
C. K. Y. Yiu, C. McGrath, S. Bridges, et al., “Self‐Perceived Preparedness for Dental Practice Amongst Graduates of the University of Hong Kong's Integrated PBL Dental Curriculum,” European Journal of Dental Education 16 (2012): e96–e105.
C. K. Y. Yiu, C. McGrath, S. Bridges, et al., “Graduates' Perceived Preparedness for Dental Practice From PBL and Traditional Curricula,” Journal of Dental Education 75 (2011): 1270–1279.
C. P. Puranik, K. Pickett, J. Randhawa, and T. de Peralta, “Perception and Outcomes After Implementation of Problem‐Based Learning in Predoctoral Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Education,” Journal of Dental Education 86 (2022): 169–177.
C. P. Puranik, K. Pickett, and T. de Peralta, “Evaluation of Problem‐Based Learning in Dental Trauma Education: An Observational Cohort Study,” Dental Traumatology 39 (2023): 625–636.
E. von Elm, D. G. Altman, M. Egger, S. J. Pocock, P. C. Gøtzsche, and J. P. Vandenbroucke, “The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies,” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 61 (2008): 344–349.
R. M. Harden, M. Stevenson, W. W. Downie, and G. M. Wilson, “Assessment of Clinical Competence Using Objective Structured Examination,” British Medical Journal 1 (1975): 447–451.
A. Kajamaa, K. Mattick, and A. de la Croix, “How to … Do Mixed‐Methods Research,” Clinical Teacher 17 (2020): 267–271.
P. Saraswati and A. Devi, “Mixed Methods‐Research Methodology an Overview,” Mathews Journal of Nursing and Health Care 5 (2023): 1–3.
S. P. Wasti, P. Simkhada, E. R. van Teijlingen, B. Sathian, and I. Banerjee, “The Growing Importance of Mixed‐Methods Research in Health,” Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 12 (2022): 1175–1178.
R. Näpänkangas, V. Harila, and S. Lahti, “Experiences in Adding Multiple‐Choice Questions to an Objective Structural Clinical Examination (OSCE) in Undergraduate Dental Education,” European Journal of Dental Education 16 (2012): e146–e150.
A. Garrocho‐Rangel, R. Márquez‐Preciado, A.‐I. Olguín‐Vivar, S. Ruiz‐Rodríguez, and A. Pozos‐Guillén, “Dentist Attitudes and Responsibilities Concerning Child Sexual Abuse. A Review and a Case Report,” Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry 7 (2015): e428–e434.
M. H. Al‐Qahtani, H. H. Almanamin, A. M. Alasiri, et al., “Child Abuse and Neglect Awareness Among Medical Students,” Children (Basel) 9 (2022): 885.
F. Lupariello, F. Capello, V. Grossi, C. Bonci, and G. Di Vella, “Child Abuse and Neglect: Are Future Medical Doctors Prepared?,” Legal Medicine 58 (2022): 102100.
G. Tiyyagura, M. Gawel, J. R. Koziel, A. Asnes, and K. Bechtel, “Barriers and Facilitators to Detecting Child Abuse and Neglect in General Emergency Departments,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 66 (2015): 447–454.
L.‐M. Meyer, T. Lehmann, and I. M. Schüler, “Child Abuse and Neglect: A Comparative Study Between Dental and Medical Students' Competencies in Germany,” European Journal of Dental Education 28 (2024): 302–312.
W. G. Lane and R. R. Seltzer, “How Should Clinicians and Health Care Organizations Promote Equity in Child Abuse and Neglect Suspicion, Evaluation, and Reporting?,” AMA Journal of Ethics 25 (2023): 133–140.
H. M. Ali Khan, N. Mansoori, M. H. Sohail, M. A. Humayun, A. Liaquat, and S. M. Mubeen, “Child Physical Abuse: Awareness and Practices of Medical and Dental Doctors in Pakistan,” Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 71 (2021): 1704–1708.
“Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS‐4): Report to Congress,” 2018, https://acf.gov/opre/report/fourth‐national‐incidence‐study‐child‐abuse‐and‐neglect‐nis‐4‐report‐congress.
M. Glick, “Measurements, Decision Makers, and Informed Clinical Judgment,” Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) 150 (2019): 325–326.
T. A. Marshall, L. Marchini, H. Cowen, et al., “Critical Thinking Theory to Practice: Using the Expert's Thought Process as Guide for Learning and Assessment,” Journal of Dental Education 81 (2017): 978–985.
D. C. Johnsen, J. N. Williams, P. G. Baughman, D. M. Roesch, and C. A. Feldman, “New Dental Accreditation Standard on Critical Thinking: A Call for Learning Models, Outcomes, Assessments,” Journal of Dental Education 79 (2015): 1137–1139.
J. Palan, V. Roberts, B. Bloch, A. Kulkarni, B. Bhowal, and J. Dias, “The Use of a Virtual Learning Environment in Promoting Virtual Journal Clubs and Case‐Based Discussions in Trauma and Orthopaedic Postgraduate Medical Education: The Leicester Experience,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume (London) 94 (2012): 1170–1175.
D. Hill, P. Stalley, D. Pennington, M. Besser, and W. McCarthy, “Competency‐Based Learning in Traumatology,” American Journal of Surgery 173 (1997): 136–140.
O. Courteille, M. Fahlstedt, J. Ho, et al., “Learning Through a Virtual Patient vs. Recorded Lecture: A Comparison of Knowledge Retention in a Trauma Case,” International Journal of Medical Education 9 (2018): 86–92.
M. Chian, S. Bridges, and E. Lo, “The Triple Jump in Problem‐Based Learning: Unpacking Principles and Practices in Designing Assessment for Curriculum Alignment,” Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem‐Based Learning 13 (2019): 1–13.
Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: child abuse; dental neglect; dental trauma education; predoctoral education; problem‐based learning
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20250627 Date Completed: 20260114 Latest Revision: 20260122
Update Code:
20260130
DOI:
10.1111/edt.13085
PMID:
40574534
Database:
MEDLINE
*Further Information*
*Background/aim: There is a lack of a comprehensive dental curriculum for teaching child abuse-neglect (CAN) with traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). The integration of problem-based learning (PBL) to discuss CAN cases within a pediatric or dental trauma curriculum has never been investigated. The aim of this mixed-method, observational cohort study was to investigate the impact of PBL on student performance and self-perceived benefits in a pediatric dental trauma curriculum with training on CAN.
Material and Methods: The performance of two cohorts of students who received a comprehensive pediatric dental trauma curriculum with or without CAN case discussion in a PBL format was studied. A t-test compared scores and numbers of attempts on CAN and TDI examinations between cohorts with or without PBL case discussions on CAN. A voluntary three-question survey assessed students' perceived learning benefits. Differences in survey agreement were analyzed using the Mantel-Haenszel ordinal Chi-square test. Pearson's correlation assessed associations between scores (α = 0.05).
Results: CAN case discussion in the PBL format in a pediatric dental trauma curriculum significantly improved the students' scores on CAN (p = 0.02) and TDIs (p = 0.03) examinations. However, the first-time pass rates were improved for the CAN examination only (p = 0.003), with no correlation between the two examinations. A significantly higher proportion of students in the cohort with CAN case discussions in the PBL format reported the experience as beneficial (p = 0.04) and the discussed cases as appropriate for learning (p = 0.018).
Conclusion: Discussion of CAN cases in the PBL format significantly improved students' knowledge and self-perceived learning benefits. Students' knowledge about different domains of dental trauma should be independently evaluated.
(© 2025 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)*