*Result*: Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Patterns Identified by Unsupervised Machine Learning and Their Associations with Subclinical Cerebral and Renal Damage in a Japanese Community: The Masuda Study.
Title:
Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Patterns Identified by Unsupervised Machine Learning and Their Associations with Subclinical Cerebral and Renal Damage in a Japanese Community: The Masuda Study.
Authors:
Hisamatsu T; Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences., Kinuta M; Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences.; Department of Food sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University., Munetomo S; Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences., Fukuda M; Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences., Kojima K; Department of Radiology, Okayama University Hospital., Taniguchi K; Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Izumo, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine., Nakahata N; Department of Health and Nutrition, The University of Shimane Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition., Kanda H; Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Source:
Acta medica Okayama [Acta Med Okayama] 2025 Oct; Vol. 79 (5), pp. 369-379.
Publication Type:
Journal Article
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Okayama University Medical School Country of Publication: Japan NLM ID: 0417611 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 0386-300X (Print) Linking ISSN: 0386300X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Acta Med Okayama Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Original Publication: Okayama : Okayama University Medical School
MeSH Terms:
References:
Vaduganathan M, Mensah GA, Turco JV, Fuster V and Roth GA: The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk: A Compass for Future Health. J Am Coll Cardiol (2022) 80: 2361-2371.
Fox K, Borer JS, Camm AJ, Danchin N, Ferrari R, Lopez Sendon JL, Steg PG, Tardif JC, Tavazzi L, Tendera M and Heart Rate Working Group: Resting heart rate in cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol (2007) 50: 823-830.
Vasan RS, Song RJ, Xanthakis V, Beiser A, DeCarli C, Mitchell GF and Seshadri S: Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage: Prevalence, Correlates, and Prognosis in the Community. Hyper tension (2022) 79: 505-515.
Inoue T, Iseki K and Ohya Y: Heart rate as a possible therapeutic guide for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res (2013) 36: 838-844.
Umemura S, Arima H, Arima S, Asayama K, Dohi Y, Hirooka Y, Horio T, Hoshide S, Ikeda S, Ishimitsu T, Ito M, Ito S, Iwashima Y, Kai H, Kamide K, Kanno Y, Kashihara N, Kawano Y, Kikuchi T, Kitamura K, Kitazono T, Kohara K, Kudo M, Kumagai H, Matsumura K, Matsuura H, Miura K, Mukoyama M, Nakamura S, Ohkubo T, Ohya Y, Okura T, Rakugi H, Saitoh S, Shibata H, Shimosawa T, Suzuki H, Takahashi S, Tamura K, Tomiyama H, Tsuchihashi T, Ueda S, Uehara Y, Urata H and Hirawa N: The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2019). Hypertens Res (2019) 42: 1235-1481.
Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, Clement DL, Coca A, de Simone G, Dominiczak A, Kahan T, Mahfoud F, Redon J, Ruilope L, Zanchetti A, Kerins M, Kjeldsen SE, Kreutz R, Laurent S, Lip GYH, McManus R, Narkiewicz K, Ruschitzka F, Schmieder RE, Shlyakhto E, Tsioufis C, Aboyans V and Desormais I: 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J (2018) 39: 3021-3104.
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Jr., Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC, Jr., Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA, Sr., Williamson JD and Wright JT, Jr.: 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension (2018) 71: e13-e115.
Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, Nagai K, Kato J, Kikuchi N, Nishiyama A, Aihara A, Sekino M, Kikuya M, Ito S, Satoh H and Hisamichi S: Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population-based observation in Ohasama, Japan. J Hypertens (1998) 16: 971-975.
Niiranen TJ, Hanninen MR, Johansson J, Reunanen A and Jula AM: Home-measured blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular risk than office blood pressure: the Finn-Home study. Hypertension (2010) 55: 1346-1351.
Ward AM, Takahashi O, Stevens R and Heneghan C: Home measurement of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Hypertens (2012) 30: 449-456.
Bliziotis IA, Destounis A and Stergiou GS: Home versus ambulatory and office blood pressure in predicting target organ damage in hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens (2012) 30: 1289-1299.
Grollemund V, Chat GL, Secchi-Buhour MS, Delbot F, Pradat-Peyre JF, Bede P and Pradat PF: Development and validation of a 1-year survival prognosis estimation model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis using manifold learning algorithm UMAP. Sci Rep (2020) 10: 13378.
Newby PK and Tucker KL: Empirically derived eating patterns using factor or cluster analysis: a review. Nutr Rev (2004) 62: 177-203.
Bahmani B, Moseley B, Vassilvitskii S and Kumar R: Scalable K-means++. Proceedings of the 2012 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (2012) 93-104.
Arthur D and Vassilvitskii S: k-means++: The Advantages of Careful Seeding. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SODA 2007). (2007)1027-1035.
Kinuta M, Hisamatsu T, Fukuda M, Taniguchi K, Nakahata N, Kanda H and Masuda Study Research Group: Home blood pressure measurement days and changes in urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio, estimated salt and potassium intakes and blood pressure: 1-year prospective study. Blood Press Monit (2024) 29: 188-194.
Hisamatsu T, Taniguchi K, Fukuda M, Kinuta M, Nakahata N and Kanda H: Effect of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Physical Activity in a Rural Area of Japan: The Masuda Study. J Epidemiol (2021) 31: 237-238.
Kinuta M, Hisamatsu T, Fukuda M, Taniguchi K, Komukai S, Nakahata N and Kanda H: Associations of indoor and outdoor temperatures and their difference with home blood pressure: The Masuda Study. Hypertens Res (2023) 46: 200-207.
Kuwabara M, Harada K, Hishiki Y and Kario K: Validation of an automatic device for the self-measurement of blood pressure in sitting and supine positions according to the ANSI/AAMI/ISO81060-2: 2013 guidelines: the Omron HEM-9700T. Blood Press Monit (2019) 24: 146-150.
Miyachi M: Measures of physical activity and exercise for health promotion by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. J Phys Fitness Sports Med (2012) 1: 467-472.
Hisamatsu T, Miura K, Fujiyoshi A, Kunimura A, Ito T, Miyazawa I, Torii S, Shiino A, Nozaki K, Kanda H, Arima H, Ohkubo T, Ueshima H and Shiga Epidemiological Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis Research Group: Association between excessive supraventricular ectopy and subclinical cerebrovascular disease: a population-based study. Eur J Neurol (2019) 26: 1219-1225.
Hisamatsu T, Tabara Y, Kadota A, Torii S, Kondo K, Yano Y, Shiino A, Nozaki K, Okamura T, Ueshima H and Miura K: Alcohol Consumption and Cerebral Small- and Large-Vessel Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. J Atheroscler Thromb (2024) 31: 135-147.
Shinohara Y, Tohgi H, Hirai S, Terashi A, Fukuuchi Y, Yamaguchi T and Okudera T: Effect of the Ca antagonist nilvadipine on stroke occurrence or recurrence and extension of asymptomatic cerebral infarction in hypertensive patients with or without history of stroke (PICA Study). 1. Design and results at enrollment. Cerebrovasc Dis (2007) 24: 202-209.
A new guideline making committee of a brain dock. Brain MRI examination; in Japanese Society for Detection of Asymptomatic Brain Disease. Braindock Guideline 2014 4th Ed, Kyobunsha, Tokyo (2014) pp38-47 in Japanese.
Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, Hurtig HI and Zimmerman RA: MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimerʼs dementia and normal aging. AJR Am J Roentgenol (1987) 149: 351-356.
Samuels OB, Joseph GJ, Lynn MJ, Smith HA and Chimowitz MI: A standardized method for measuring intracranial arterial stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol (2000) 21: 643-646.
de Jong G, Kessels F and Lodder J: Two types of lacunar infarcts: further arguments from a study on prognosis. Stroke (2002) 33: 2072-2076.
Moniruzzaman M, Kadota A, Segawa H, Kondo K, Torii S, Miyagawa N, Fujiyoshi A, Hisamatsu T, Watanabe Y, Shiino A, Nozaki K, Ueshima H, Miura K and SESSA Research Group: Relationship Between Step Counts and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in Japanese Men. Stroke (2020) 51: 3584-3591.
Kohara K, Okada Y, Ochi M, Ohara M, Nagai T, Tabara Y and Igase M: Muscle mass decline, arterial stiffness, white matter hyperintensity, and cognitive impairment: Japan Shimanami Health Promoting Program study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle (2017) 8: 557-566.
Okada Y, Kohara K, Ochi M, Nagai T, Tabara Y, Igase M and Miki T: Mechanical stresses, arterial stiffness, and brain small vessel diseases: Shimanami Health Promoting Program Study. Stroke (2014) 45: 3287-3292.
Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Gates P, Sharpe BL, Chan RK, Meldrum HE and Barnett HJ: The causes and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic internal-carotid-artery stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med (2000) 342: 1693-1700.
Cheung AK, Chang TI, Cushman WC, Furth SL, Hou FF, Ix JH, Knoll GA, Muntner P, Pecoits-Filho R, Sarnak MJ, Tobe SW, Tomson CRV, Lytvyn L, Craig JC, Tunnicliffe DJ, Howell M, Tonelli M, Cheung M, Earley A and Mann JFE: Executive summary of the KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int (2021) 99: 559-569.
Umargono E, Suseno JE and Vincensius Gunawan SK: K-means clustering optimization using the elbow method and early centroid determination based on mean and median formula. The 2nd International Seminar on Science and Technology (ISSTEC 2019) (2020) 121-129.
Shutaywi M and Kachouie NN: Silhouette Analysis for Performance Evaluation in Machine Learning with Applications to Clustering. Entropy (2021) 23: 759.
Davies DL and Bouldin DW: A cluster separation measure. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell (1979) 1: 224-227.
Zou G: A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol (2004) 159: 702-706.
DʼAgostino RB, Sr., Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM and Kannel WB: General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation (2008) 117: 743-753.
Grassi G, DellʼOro R, Bombelli M, Cuspidi C and Quarti-Trevano F: High blood pressure with elevated resting heart rate: a high risk “Sympathetic” clinical phenotype. Hypertens Res (2023) 46: 2318-2325.
Liu L, Mizushima S, Ikeda K, Nara Y, Yamori Y, Cardiovascular D and Alimentary Comparison Study Group: Resting heart rate in relation to blood pressure: results from the World Health Organization-Cardiovascular Disease and Alimentary Comparison study. Int J Cardiol (2010) 145: 73-74.
Vaura FC, Salomaa VV, Kantola IM, Kaaja R, Lahti L and Niiranen TJ: Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identifies a metabolically challenged subgroup of hypertensive individuals. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) (2020) 22: 1546-1553.
Guo Q, Lu X, Gao Y, Zhang J, Yan B, Su D, Song A, Zhao X and Wang G: Cluster analysis: a new approach for identification of underlying risk factors for coronary artery disease in essential hypertensive patients. Sci Rep (2017) 7: 43965.
Pate ME, Turner MK, Thornhill NF and Titchener-Hooker NJ: Principal component analysis of nonlinear chromatography. Biotechnol Prog (2004) 20: 215-222.
Serneels S and Verdonck T: Principal component analysis for data containing outliers and missing elements. Comput Stat Data Anal (2008) 52: 1712-1727.
Hozumi Y, Wang R, Yin C and Wei GW: UMAP-assisted K-means clustering of large-scale SARS-CoV-2 mutation datasets. Comput Biol Med (2021) 131: 104264.
Li L, Momma H, Chen H, Nawrin SS, Xu Y, Inada H and Nagatomi R: Dietary patterns associated with the incidence of hypertension among adult Japanese males: application of machine learning to a cohort study. Eur J Nutr (2024) 63: 1293-1314.
Becht E, McInnes L, Healy J, Dutertre CA, Kwok IWH, Ng LG, Ginhoux F and Newell EW: Dimensionality reduction for visualizing single-cell data using UMAP. Nat Biotechnol (2018) doi:10.1038/nbt.4314).
Yang Y, Sun H, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Gong J, Wei Y, Duan YG, Shu M, Yang Y and Wu D, Yu D: Dimensionality reduction by UMAP reinforces sample heterogeneity analysis in bulk transcriptomic data. Cell Rep (2021) 36: 109442.
Weiss A, Beloosesky Y, Koren-Morag N and Grossman A: Association between mortality and blood pressure variability in hypertensive and normotensive elders: A cohort study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) (2017) 19: 753-756.
Omboni S, Posokhov IN and Rogoza AN: Relationships between 24-h blood pressure variability and 24-h central arterial pressure, pulse wave velocity and augmentation index in hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res (2017) 40: 385-391.
Aghabozorgi S, Ali Seyed Shirkhorshidi AS and Wah TY: Time-series clustering - A decade review. Information Systems (2015) 53: 16-38.
Pantoni L: Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol (2010) 9: 689-701.
Baaten C, Vondenhoff S and Noels H: Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. Circ Res (2023) 132: 970-992.
Burke M, Pabbidi MR, Farley J and Roman RJ: Molecular mechanisms of renal blood flow autoregulation. Curr Vasc Pharmacol (2014) 12: 845-858.
Cipolla MJ. The Cerebral Circulation. San Rafael (CA), USA: Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences, (2009).
Fox K, Borer JS, Camm AJ, Danchin N, Ferrari R, Lopez Sendon JL, Steg PG, Tardif JC, Tavazzi L, Tendera M and Heart Rate Working Group: Resting heart rate in cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol (2007) 50: 823-830.
Vasan RS, Song RJ, Xanthakis V, Beiser A, DeCarli C, Mitchell GF and Seshadri S: Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage: Prevalence, Correlates, and Prognosis in the Community. Hyper tension (2022) 79: 505-515.
Inoue T, Iseki K and Ohya Y: Heart rate as a possible therapeutic guide for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res (2013) 36: 838-844.
Umemura S, Arima H, Arima S, Asayama K, Dohi Y, Hirooka Y, Horio T, Hoshide S, Ikeda S, Ishimitsu T, Ito M, Ito S, Iwashima Y, Kai H, Kamide K, Kanno Y, Kashihara N, Kawano Y, Kikuchi T, Kitamura K, Kitazono T, Kohara K, Kudo M, Kumagai H, Matsumura K, Matsuura H, Miura K, Mukoyama M, Nakamura S, Ohkubo T, Ohya Y, Okura T, Rakugi H, Saitoh S, Shibata H, Shimosawa T, Suzuki H, Takahashi S, Tamura K, Tomiyama H, Tsuchihashi T, Ueda S, Uehara Y, Urata H and Hirawa N: The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2019). Hypertens Res (2019) 42: 1235-1481.
Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, Clement DL, Coca A, de Simone G, Dominiczak A, Kahan T, Mahfoud F, Redon J, Ruilope L, Zanchetti A, Kerins M, Kjeldsen SE, Kreutz R, Laurent S, Lip GYH, McManus R, Narkiewicz K, Ruschitzka F, Schmieder RE, Shlyakhto E, Tsioufis C, Aboyans V and Desormais I: 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J (2018) 39: 3021-3104.
Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE, Jr., Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, DePalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, MacLaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC, Jr., Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA, Sr., Williamson JD and Wright JT, Jr.: 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension (2018) 71: e13-e115.
Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, Nagai K, Kato J, Kikuchi N, Nishiyama A, Aihara A, Sekino M, Kikuya M, Ito S, Satoh H and Hisamichi S: Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population-based observation in Ohasama, Japan. J Hypertens (1998) 16: 971-975.
Niiranen TJ, Hanninen MR, Johansson J, Reunanen A and Jula AM: Home-measured blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular risk than office blood pressure: the Finn-Home study. Hypertension (2010) 55: 1346-1351.
Ward AM, Takahashi O, Stevens R and Heneghan C: Home measurement of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Hypertens (2012) 30: 449-456.
Bliziotis IA, Destounis A and Stergiou GS: Home versus ambulatory and office blood pressure in predicting target organ damage in hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens (2012) 30: 1289-1299.
Grollemund V, Chat GL, Secchi-Buhour MS, Delbot F, Pradat-Peyre JF, Bede P and Pradat PF: Development and validation of a 1-year survival prognosis estimation model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis using manifold learning algorithm UMAP. Sci Rep (2020) 10: 13378.
Newby PK and Tucker KL: Empirically derived eating patterns using factor or cluster analysis: a review. Nutr Rev (2004) 62: 177-203.
Bahmani B, Moseley B, Vassilvitskii S and Kumar R: Scalable K-means++. Proceedings of the 2012 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (2012) 93-104.
Arthur D and Vassilvitskii S: k-means++: The Advantages of Careful Seeding. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SODA 2007). (2007)1027-1035.
Kinuta M, Hisamatsu T, Fukuda M, Taniguchi K, Nakahata N, Kanda H and Masuda Study Research Group: Home blood pressure measurement days and changes in urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio, estimated salt and potassium intakes and blood pressure: 1-year prospective study. Blood Press Monit (2024) 29: 188-194.
Hisamatsu T, Taniguchi K, Fukuda M, Kinuta M, Nakahata N and Kanda H: Effect of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Physical Activity in a Rural Area of Japan: The Masuda Study. J Epidemiol (2021) 31: 237-238.
Kinuta M, Hisamatsu T, Fukuda M, Taniguchi K, Komukai S, Nakahata N and Kanda H: Associations of indoor and outdoor temperatures and their difference with home blood pressure: The Masuda Study. Hypertens Res (2023) 46: 200-207.
Kuwabara M, Harada K, Hishiki Y and Kario K: Validation of an automatic device for the self-measurement of blood pressure in sitting and supine positions according to the ANSI/AAMI/ISO81060-2: 2013 guidelines: the Omron HEM-9700T. Blood Press Monit (2019) 24: 146-150.
Miyachi M: Measures of physical activity and exercise for health promotion by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. J Phys Fitness Sports Med (2012) 1: 467-472.
Hisamatsu T, Miura K, Fujiyoshi A, Kunimura A, Ito T, Miyazawa I, Torii S, Shiino A, Nozaki K, Kanda H, Arima H, Ohkubo T, Ueshima H and Shiga Epidemiological Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis Research Group: Association between excessive supraventricular ectopy and subclinical cerebrovascular disease: a population-based study. Eur J Neurol (2019) 26: 1219-1225.
Hisamatsu T, Tabara Y, Kadota A, Torii S, Kondo K, Yano Y, Shiino A, Nozaki K, Okamura T, Ueshima H and Miura K: Alcohol Consumption and Cerebral Small- and Large-Vessel Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. J Atheroscler Thromb (2024) 31: 135-147.
Shinohara Y, Tohgi H, Hirai S, Terashi A, Fukuuchi Y, Yamaguchi T and Okudera T: Effect of the Ca antagonist nilvadipine on stroke occurrence or recurrence and extension of asymptomatic cerebral infarction in hypertensive patients with or without history of stroke (PICA Study). 1. Design and results at enrollment. Cerebrovasc Dis (2007) 24: 202-209.
A new guideline making committee of a brain dock. Brain MRI examination; in Japanese Society for Detection of Asymptomatic Brain Disease. Braindock Guideline 2014 4th Ed, Kyobunsha, Tokyo (2014) pp38-47 in Japanese.
Fazekas F, Chawluk JB, Alavi A, Hurtig HI and Zimmerman RA: MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimerʼs dementia and normal aging. AJR Am J Roentgenol (1987) 149: 351-356.
Samuels OB, Joseph GJ, Lynn MJ, Smith HA and Chimowitz MI: A standardized method for measuring intracranial arterial stenosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol (2000) 21: 643-646.
de Jong G, Kessels F and Lodder J: Two types of lacunar infarcts: further arguments from a study on prognosis. Stroke (2002) 33: 2072-2076.
Moniruzzaman M, Kadota A, Segawa H, Kondo K, Torii S, Miyagawa N, Fujiyoshi A, Hisamatsu T, Watanabe Y, Shiino A, Nozaki K, Ueshima H, Miura K and SESSA Research Group: Relationship Between Step Counts and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in Japanese Men. Stroke (2020) 51: 3584-3591.
Kohara K, Okada Y, Ochi M, Ohara M, Nagai T, Tabara Y and Igase M: Muscle mass decline, arterial stiffness, white matter hyperintensity, and cognitive impairment: Japan Shimanami Health Promoting Program study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle (2017) 8: 557-566.
Okada Y, Kohara K, Ochi M, Nagai T, Tabara Y, Igase M and Miki T: Mechanical stresses, arterial stiffness, and brain small vessel diseases: Shimanami Health Promoting Program Study. Stroke (2014) 45: 3287-3292.
Inzitari D, Eliasziw M, Gates P, Sharpe BL, Chan RK, Meldrum HE and Barnett HJ: The causes and risk of stroke in patients with asymptomatic internal-carotid-artery stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med (2000) 342: 1693-1700.
Cheung AK, Chang TI, Cushman WC, Furth SL, Hou FF, Ix JH, Knoll GA, Muntner P, Pecoits-Filho R, Sarnak MJ, Tobe SW, Tomson CRV, Lytvyn L, Craig JC, Tunnicliffe DJ, Howell M, Tonelli M, Cheung M, Earley A and Mann JFE: Executive summary of the KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int (2021) 99: 559-569.
Umargono E, Suseno JE and Vincensius Gunawan SK: K-means clustering optimization using the elbow method and early centroid determination based on mean and median formula. The 2nd International Seminar on Science and Technology (ISSTEC 2019) (2020) 121-129.
Shutaywi M and Kachouie NN: Silhouette Analysis for Performance Evaluation in Machine Learning with Applications to Clustering. Entropy (2021) 23: 759.
Davies DL and Bouldin DW: A cluster separation measure. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell (1979) 1: 224-227.
Zou G: A modified poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol (2004) 159: 702-706.
DʼAgostino RB, Sr., Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM and Kannel WB: General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation (2008) 117: 743-753.
Grassi G, DellʼOro R, Bombelli M, Cuspidi C and Quarti-Trevano F: High blood pressure with elevated resting heart rate: a high risk “Sympathetic” clinical phenotype. Hypertens Res (2023) 46: 2318-2325.
Liu L, Mizushima S, Ikeda K, Nara Y, Yamori Y, Cardiovascular D and Alimentary Comparison Study Group: Resting heart rate in relation to blood pressure: results from the World Health Organization-Cardiovascular Disease and Alimentary Comparison study. Int J Cardiol (2010) 145: 73-74.
Vaura FC, Salomaa VV, Kantola IM, Kaaja R, Lahti L and Niiranen TJ: Unsupervised hierarchical clustering identifies a metabolically challenged subgroup of hypertensive individuals. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) (2020) 22: 1546-1553.
Guo Q, Lu X, Gao Y, Zhang J, Yan B, Su D, Song A, Zhao X and Wang G: Cluster analysis: a new approach for identification of underlying risk factors for coronary artery disease in essential hypertensive patients. Sci Rep (2017) 7: 43965.
Pate ME, Turner MK, Thornhill NF and Titchener-Hooker NJ: Principal component analysis of nonlinear chromatography. Biotechnol Prog (2004) 20: 215-222.
Serneels S and Verdonck T: Principal component analysis for data containing outliers and missing elements. Comput Stat Data Anal (2008) 52: 1712-1727.
Hozumi Y, Wang R, Yin C and Wei GW: UMAP-assisted K-means clustering of large-scale SARS-CoV-2 mutation datasets. Comput Biol Med (2021) 131: 104264.
Li L, Momma H, Chen H, Nawrin SS, Xu Y, Inada H and Nagatomi R: Dietary patterns associated with the incidence of hypertension among adult Japanese males: application of machine learning to a cohort study. Eur J Nutr (2024) 63: 1293-1314.
Becht E, McInnes L, Healy J, Dutertre CA, Kwok IWH, Ng LG, Ginhoux F and Newell EW: Dimensionality reduction for visualizing single-cell data using UMAP. Nat Biotechnol (2018) doi:10.1038/nbt.4314).
Yang Y, Sun H, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Gong J, Wei Y, Duan YG, Shu M, Yang Y and Wu D, Yu D: Dimensionality reduction by UMAP reinforces sample heterogeneity analysis in bulk transcriptomic data. Cell Rep (2021) 36: 109442.
Weiss A, Beloosesky Y, Koren-Morag N and Grossman A: Association between mortality and blood pressure variability in hypertensive and normotensive elders: A cohort study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) (2017) 19: 753-756.
Omboni S, Posokhov IN and Rogoza AN: Relationships between 24-h blood pressure variability and 24-h central arterial pressure, pulse wave velocity and augmentation index in hypertensive patients. Hypertens Res (2017) 40: 385-391.
Aghabozorgi S, Ali Seyed Shirkhorshidi AS and Wah TY: Time-series clustering - A decade review. Information Systems (2015) 53: 16-38.
Pantoni L: Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol (2010) 9: 689-701.
Baaten C, Vondenhoff S and Noels H: Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. Circ Res (2023) 132: 970-992.
Burke M, Pabbidi MR, Farley J and Roman RJ: Molecular mechanisms of renal blood flow autoregulation. Curr Vasc Pharmacol (2014) 12: 845-858.
Cipolla MJ. The Cerebral Circulation. San Rafael (CA), USA: Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences, (2009).
Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: blood pressure; heart rate; subclinical disease; uniform manifold approximation and projection; unsupervised machine learning
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20251023 Date Completed: 20251023 Latest Revision: 20251117
Update Code:
20260130
DOI:
10.18926/AMO/69438
PMID:
41126468
Database:
MEDLINE
*Further Information*
*We applied unsupervised machine learning to analyze blood pressure (BP) and resting heart rate (HR) patterns measured during a 1-year period to assess their cross-sectional relationships with subclinical cerebral and renal target damage. Dimension reduction via uniform manifold approximation and projection, followed by K-means++ clustering, was used to categorize 362 community-dwelling participants (mean age, 56.2 years; 54.9% women) into three groups: Low BP and Low HR (Lo-BP/Lo-HR), High BP and High HR (Hi-BP/Hi-HR), and Low BP and High HR (Lo-BP/Hi-HR). Cerebral vessel lesions were defined as the presence of at least one of the following magnetic resonance imaging findings: lacunar infarcts, white matter hyperintensities, cerebral microbleeds, or intracranial artery stenosis. A high urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) was defined as the top 10% (≥ 12 mg/g) of the mean value from ≥2 measurements. Poisson regression with robust error variance, adjusted for demographics, lifestyle, and medical history, showed that the Hi-BP/Hi-HR group had relative risks of 3.62 (95% confidence interval, 1.75-7.46) for cerebral vessel lesions and 3.58 (1.33-9.67) for high UACR, and the Lo-BP/Hi-HR group had a relative risk of 3.09 (1.12-8.57) for high UACR, compared with the Lo-BP/Lo-HR group. These findings demonstrate the utility of an unsupervised, data-driven approach for identifying physiological patterns associated with subclinical target organ damage.*
*No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.*